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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Hybrid Robustness Verification for Spatio-Temporal Neural...
Sherwin Varghese, Matthew Wicker, Alessio Lomuscio · 2026-06-09 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

With AI increasingly deployed in safety-critical systems, providing formal robustness guarantees for the underlying models is essential. Existing verification methods either rely on overly conservative approximations or incur prohibitive computational costs. For example, the use of lp-norm perturbations in video settings encodes the belief that the adversary can inject noise in every video frame. In practice, adversarial perturbations exhibit structured spatial and temporal correlations, constrained to lower-dimensional, semantically meaningful subspaces. In this work, we study robustness verification of 3D CNNs processing video and volumetric inputs, targeting applications in action recognition (UCF-101), autonomous driving (Udacity), and medical imaging (MedMNIST) exploiting realistic assumptions on adversarial strength by modelling them as spatio-temporal constraints - where the attacker can modify either a subset of frames or patches within a set of consecutive frames. We demonstrate that modelling realistic constraints enables tighter approximations. We introduce Spatio-Temporal Bound Propagation (STBP), a verification framework that computes an exact closed-form characterization of the first convolutional layer and propagates certified bounds through subsequent layers using scalable approximations. Computing the exact closed form provides the tightest bounds for the first convolutional layer. Thus, we utilise approximation methods in the remainder of the network. To spur further progress in this field, we propose ST-Bench, a verification benchmark for autonomous driving and activity recognition, to systematically evaluate verifiable robustness. Compared to existing verification-based approaches, STBP provides stronger robustness guarantees with significantly improved scalability, achieving 1.7x higher certified robust accuracy under identical perturbation budgets.