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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
ConVer: Using Contracts and Loop Invariant Synthesis for ...
Muhammad A. A. Pirzada, Weiqi Wang, Yiannis Charalambous, Konsta · 2026-05-26 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Formal verification of large C programs is impeded by state-space explosion: Bounded Model Checking (BMC) tools must encode the entire state space up to the predetermined bound by unrolling all nested constructs. We present ConVer, a top-down compositional verification tool. Given a C program with a top-level assertion, ConVer decomposes verification top-down: it uses a large language model (LLM) to synthesise function contracts from the system property, then alternates system-level and function-level checks in a CEGAR-CEGIS loop, refining contracts whenever a check fails via SMART ICE learning. We evaluate ConVer on four benchmark suites of increasing difficulty and against other state-of-the-art (SOTA) tools. On the Frama-C benchmark of 45 simple C programs, ConVer achieves 82-96% verification success across three LLM backends, with 93-95% of converged programs requiring only a single CEGAR-CEGIS iteration. On the X.509 parser benchmark (6~programs) and LF2C-Simple suite (17 programs), ConVer achieves 33-50% and 82-88% success respectively. On the VerifyThis suite of 11 recursive and loop-intensive programs, the Pre-Abstraction strategy achieves 55-64% success. In addition, we present ESBMC-LF a preprocessor tool that converts LF models to C while preserving the properties of the LF files, enabling ConVer to verify them. We transpile the LF Verifier Benchmarks using ESBMC-LF to C; we denote those LF-Hard. We show that ConVer successfully verifies 67% of LF-Hard benchmarks overall.