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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
On the Limits of Self-Improving in Large Language Models:...
Hector Zenil · 2026-01-06 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

We formalise recursive self-training in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Generative AI as a discrete-time dynamical system. We prove that if the proportion of exogenous, externally grounded signal $α_t$ vanishes asymptotically ($α_t \to 0$), the system undergoes degenerative dynamics. We derive two fundamental failure modes: (1) \textit{Entropy Decay}, where finite sampling effects induce monotonic loss of distributional diversity, and (2) \textit{Variance Amplification}, where the absence of persistent grounding causes distributional drift via a random-walk mechanism. These behaviours are architectural invariants of distributional learning on finite samples. We show that the collapse results apply specifically to closed-loop density matching without persistent external signal. Systems with non-vanishing exogenous grounding fall outside this regime. However, mainstream Singularity, AGI, and ASI narratives typically posit systems that become increasingly autonomous and require little to no human or external intervention for self-improvement. In that autonomy regime, the vanishing-signal condition is satisfied, and collapse follows under KL-based objectives. To overcome these limits, we propose neurosymbolic integration based on algorithmic probability and program synthesis. The Coding Theorem Method (CTM) enables identification of generative mechanisms rather than mere correlations, escaping the distribution-only constraints that bind standard statistical learning. We conclude that fully autonomous recursive density matching leads to degenerative fixed points, whereas externally anchored or mechanism-based approaches operate under fundamentally different asymptotic dynamics.