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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Sleeper Cell: Injecting Latent Malice Temporal Backdoors ...
Bhanu Pallakonda, Mikkel Hindsbo, Sina Ehsani, Prag Mishra · 2026-03-03 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

The proliferation of open-weight Large Language Models (LLMs) has democratized agentic AI, yet fine-tuned weights are frequently shared and adopted with limited scrutiny beyond leaderboard performance. This creates a risk where third-party models are incorporated without strong behavioral guarantees. In this work, we demonstrate a \textbf{novel vector for stealthy backdoor injection}: the implantation of latent malicious behavior into tool-using agents via a multi-stage Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) framework. Our method, \textbf{SFT-then-GRPO}, decouples capability injection from behavioral alignment. First, we use SFT with LoRA to implant a "sleeper agent" capability. Second, we apply Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with a specialized reward function to enforce a deceptive policy. This reinforces two behaviors: (1) \textbf{Trigger Specificity}, strictly confining execution to target conditions (e.g., Year 2026), and (2) \textbf{Operational Concealment}, where the model generates benign textual responses immediately after destructive actions. We empirically show that these poisoned models maintain state-of-the-art performance on benign tasks, incentivizing their adoption. Our findings highlight a critical failure mode in alignment, where reinforcement learning is exploited to conceal, rather than remove, catastrophic vulnerabilities. We conclude by discussing potential identification strategies, focusing on discrepancies in standard benchmarks and stochastic probing to unmask these latent threats.