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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Noise reduction in BERT NER models for clinical entity ex...
Kuldeep Jiwani, Yash K Jeengar, Ayush Dhaka · 2026-02-04 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Precision is of utmost importance in the realm of clinical entity extraction from clinical notes and reports. Encoder Models fine-tuned for Named Entity Recognition (NER) are an efficient choice for this purpose, as they don't hallucinate. We pre-trained an in-house BERT over clinical data and then fine-tuned it for NER. These models performed well on recall but could not close upon the high precision range, needed for clinical models. To address this challenge, we developed a Noise Removal model that refines the output of NER. The NER model assigns token-level entity tags along with probability scores for each token. Our Noise Removal (NR) model then analyzes these probability sequences and classifies predictions as either weak or strong. A naïve approach might involve filtering predictions based on low probability values; however, this method is unreliable. Owing to the characteristics of the SoftMax function, Transformer based architectures often assign disproportionately high confidence scores even to uncertain or weak predictions, making simple thresholding ineffective. To address this issue, we adopted a supervised modeling strategy in which the NR model leverages advanced features such as the Probability Density Map (PDM). The PDM captures the Semantic-Pull effect observed within Transformer embeddings, an effect that manifests in the probability distributions of NER class predictions across token sequences. This approach enables the model to classify predictions as weak or strong with significantly improved accuracy. With these NR models we were able to reduce False Positives across various clinical NER models by 50\% to 90\%.