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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Sprecher Networks: A Parameter-Efficient Kolmogorov-Arnol...
Christian Hägg, Kathlén Kohn, Giovanni Luca Marchetti, Boris Sha · 2025-12-22 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

We introduce Sprecher Networks (SNs), a family of trainable architectures derived from David Sprecher's 1965 constructive form of the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation. Each SN block implements a "sum of shifted univariate functions" using only two shared learnable splines per block, a monotone inner spline $φ$ and a general outer spline $Φ$, together with a learnable shift parameter $η$ and a mixing vector $λ$ shared across all output dimensions. Stacking these blocks yields deep, compositional models; for vector-valued outputs we append an additional non-summed output block. We also propose an optional lateral mixing operator enabling intra-block communication between output channels with only $O(d_{\mathrm{out}})$ additional parameters. Owing to the vector (not matrix) mixing weights and spline sharing, SNs scale linearly in width, approximately $O(\sum_{\ell}(d_{\ell-1}+d_{\ell}+G))$ parameters for $G$ spline knots, versus $O(\sum_{\ell} d_{\ell-1}d_{\ell})$ for dense MLPs and $O(G\sum_{\ell} d_{\ell-1}d_{\ell})$ for edge-spline KANs. This linear width-scaling is particularly attractive for extremely wide, shallow models, where low depth can translate into low inference latency. Finally, we describe a sequential forward implementation that avoids materializing the $d_{\mathrm{in}}\times d_{\mathrm{out}}$ shifted-input tensor, reducing peak forward-intermediate memory from quadratic to linear in layer width, relevant for memory-constrained settings such as on-device/edge inference; we demonstrate deployability via fixed-point real-time digit classification on resource-constrained embedded device with only 4 MB RAM. We provide empirical demonstrations on supervised regression, Fashion-MNIST classification (including stable training at 25 hidden layers with residual connections and normalization), and a Poisson PINN, with controlled comparisons to MLP and KAN baselines.