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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
EVA-0: Test-Time Model Evolution with Only Two Forward Pa...
Guohao Chen, Shuaicheng Niu, Geng Li, Yunbei Zhang, Shilin Shan, · 2026-05-15 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Test-time model evolution offers a promising way for deployed models to improve from unlabeled test-time experience, yet most existing methods depend on backpropagation (BP), which incurs substantial memory overhead and makes them difficult to deploy on edge devices, quantized models, specialized accelerators, or black-box models. In this work, we study test-time model evolution under a strict two-forward budget, a setting that pushes adaptation toward highly efficient real-world deployment. We reveal three key obstacles in zeroth-order test-time optimization: susceptibility to shortcut solutions, uncontrolled weight drift, and ineffective update direction estimation. To overcome them, we propose EVA-0, a minimal zeroth-order adaptation framework that: 1) keeps the loss scale-invariant to prevent shortcut solutions; 2) devises an anchor-guided optimization strategy to alleviate weight drift; 3) uses sample-wise symmetric two-sided perturbation for update direction estimation and inference. EVA-0 requires no BP and performs both inference and adaptation within only two forward passes per sample. Results on ImageNet-C & ViT-Base show that EVA-0 outperforms both BP-based DeYO and BP-free FOA, while achieving a 14x speed-up over FOA. Code will be released.