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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
iPhoneme: Brain-to-Text Communication for ALS Using Confo...
Yoonmin Cha, Dawit Chun, Sung Park · 2026-04-07 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for speech restoration hold transformative potential for the approximately 173,000--232,500 individuals worldwide with ALS-related dysarthria. Despite recent progress, high-performance speech BCIs have been demonstrated in only 22--31 patients globally, largely due to limitations in neural decoding accuracy and practical input interfaces. We present iPhoneme, a brain-to-text communication system that jointly addresses these challenges through integrated modeling and interaction design. The system combines a deep learning phoneme decoder based on a modified Conformer architecture (ConformerXL, 192.9M parameters) with a gaze-assisted phoneme input interface that mitigates the Midas touch problem in eye-tracking systems. The acoustic model incorporates a temporal prenet with multi-scale dilated convolutions and bidirectional GRU for neural jitter correction, temporal subsampling for CTC stability, and Pre-RMSNorm stabilization across 12 encoder blocks, trained with AdamW and cosine scheduling. On the interaction side, iPhoneme introduces a chorded gaze-plus-silent-speech paradigm that replaces dwell-time selection, enabling more efficient input. We evaluate the system on the T15 dataset (45 sessions, 8,071 trials) of 256-channel intracranial EEG from speech motor cortex regions. A 6-gram phoneme language model trained on 3.1M sequences, combined with WFST beam search (beam=128), achieves 92.14% phoneme accuracy (7.86% PER) and 73.39% word accuracy (26.61% WER), approximately 3% above prior state-of-the-art. The system operates on CPU with 180 ms latency, demonstrating real-time, high-accuracy brain-to-text communication for ALS.