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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Model Organisms Are Leaky: Perplexity Differencing Often ...
Mohammed Abu Baker, Luca Baroni, Dan Wilhelm · 2026-05-02 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Finetuning can significantly modify the behavior of large language models, including introducing harmful or unsafe behaviors. To study these risks, researchers develop model organisms: models finetuned to exhibit specific known behaviors for controlled experimentation. Identifying these behaviors remains challenging. We show that a simple perplexity-based method can surface finetuning objectives from model organisms by leveraging their tendency to overgeneralize their finetuned behaviors beyond the intended context. First, we generate diverse completions from the finetuned model using short random prefills drawn from general corpora. Second, we rank completions by decreasing perplexity gap between reference and finetuned models. The top-ranked completions often reveal the finetuning objectives, without requiring model internals or prior assumptions about the behavior. We evaluate this on a diverse set of model organisms (N=76, 0.5 to 70B parameters), including backdoored models, models finetuned to internalize false facts via synthetic document finetuning, adversarially trained models with hidden concerning behaviors, and models exhibiting emergent misalignment. For the vast majority of model organisms tested, the method surfaces completions revealing finetuning objectives within the top-ranked results, with models trained via synthetic document finetuning or to produce exact phrases being particularly susceptible. We further show that the technique can be effective even without access to the exact pre-finetuning checkpoint: trusted reference models from different families can serve as effective substitutes. As the method requires only next-token probabilities from the finetuned model, it is compatible with API-gated models that expose token logprobs.