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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Measuring the Authority Stack of AI Systems: Empirical An...
Seulki Lee · 2026-04-13 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

What values, evidence preferences, and source trust hierarchies do AI systems actually exhibit when facing structured dilemmas? We present the first large-scale empirical mapping of AI decision-making across all three layers of the Authority Stack framework (S. Lee, 2026a): value priorities (L4), evidence-type preferences (L3), and source trust hierarchies (L2). Using the PRISM benchmark -- a forced-choice instrument of 14,175 unique scenarios per layer, spanning 7 professional domains, 3 severity levels, 3 decision timeframes, and 5 scenario variants -- we evaluated 8 major AI models at temperature 0, yielding 366,120 total responses. Key findings include: (1) a symmetric 4:4 split between Universalism-first and Security-first models at L4; (2) dramatic defense-domain value restructuring where Security surges to near-ceiling win-rates (95.1%-99.8%) in 6 of 8 models; (3) divergent evidence hierarchies at L3, with some models favoring empirical-scientific evidence while others prefer pattern-based or experiential evidence; (4) broad convergence on institutional source trust at L2; and (5) Paired Consistency Scores (PCS) ranging from 57.4% to 69.2%, revealing substantial framing sensitivity across scenario variants. Test-Retest Reliability (TRR) ranges from 91.7% to 98.6%, indicating that value instability stems primarily from variant sensitivity rather than stochastic noise. These findings demonstrate that AI models possess measurable -- if sometimes unstable -- Authority Stacks with consequential implications for deployment across professional domains.