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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Fully Homomorphic Encryption on Llama 3 model for privacy...
Anes Abdennebi, Nadjia Kara, Laaziz Lahlou · 2026-04-14 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

The applications of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) and their intersections with data-driven fields, such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and information security, have led to significant improvements in service efficiency and low latency. However, this synergy raises serious concerns regarding the security of large language models (LLMs) and their potential impact on the privacy of companies and users' data. Many technology companies that incorporate LLMs in their services with a certain level of command and control bear a risk of data exposure and secret divulgence caused by insecure LLM pipelines, making them vulnerable to multiple attacks such as data poisoning, prompt injection, and model theft. Although several security techniques (input/output sanitization, decentralized learning, access control management, and encryption) were implemented to reduce this risk, there is still an imminent risk of quantum computing attacks, which are expected to break existing encryption algorithms, hence, retrieving secret keys, encrypted sensitive data, and decrypting encrypted models. In this extensive work, we integrate the Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) based Lattice-based Homomorphic Encryption (HE) main functions in the LLM's inference pipeline to secure some of its layers against data privacy attacks. We modify the inference pipeline of the transformer architecture for the LLAMA-3 model while injecting the main homomorphic encryption operations provided by the concrete-ml library. We demonstrate high text generation accuracies (up to 98%) with reasonable latencies (237 ms) on an i9 CPU, reaching up to 80 tokens per second, which proves the feasibility and validity of our work while running a FHE-secured LLAMA-3 inference model. Further experiments and analysis are discussed to justify models' text generation latencies and behaviours.