A lot of algorithms require swapping 2 variables, for example, bubble sort.
During a coding interview, you could be asked "How to swap 2 variables without a temporary variable?".
It's good to know multiple ways to perform the swapping of variables. In this post, you will read about 4 ways: 2 that use additional memory and 2 that don't.
Destructuring assignment lets you extract items of an array into variables. For example, the following code destructures an array:
let a;
let b;
[a, b] = [1, 2, 3];
console.log(a); // => 1
console.log(b); // => 2
[a, b] = [1, 2, 3] is a destructuring assignment that destructures [1, 2, 3] array. a variable is assigned with the first item 1 of [1, 2, 3], correspondingly b is assigned with the second item 2.
Knowing how to destructure an array, it's easy to use it for swapping variables. Let's swap the variables a and b using destructuring assignment:
let a = 1;
let b = 2;
[a, b] = [b, a];
console.log(a); // => 2
console.log(b); // => 1
[a, b] = [b, a] is the destructuring assignment that swaps the variables a and b.
At the first step, on the right side of the destructuring, a temporary array [b, a] (which evaluates to [2, 1]) is created.
Then the destructuring of the temporary array occurs: [a, b] = [2, 1]. The variable a is assigned with 2, and b with 1. The swapping of a and b has been performed.
I like the destructuring approach because it's short and expressive: swapping is performed in just one statement. It works with any data type: numbers, strings, booleans, and objects.
I recommend swapping variables using a destructuring assignment for most of the cases.
Swapping variables using a temporary variable is classic. As the name suggests, this approach requires an additional temporary variable.
Let's swap the values of variables a and b using a temporary variable temp:
let a = 1;
let b = 2;
let temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
console.log(a); // => 2
console.log(b); // => 1
temp is the temporary variable.
In the first step, temp is assigned with the value of a. Then a variable is assigned with the value of b. Finally, the variable b is assigned with the value of temp (having the initial value of a).
The swapping of variables using a temporary variable works with any value type, like numbers, strings, booleans, and objects.
The downside of this approach is the need for a specialized temporary variable, plus the swapping happens in 3 statements.
You can swap variables having integers without the use of additional memory (like a temporary array or variable).
The following example swaps the variables a and b using the addition + and difference - arithmetic operators:
let a = 1;
let b = 2;
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
console.log(a); // => 2
console.log(b); // => 1
Initially, a is 1 and b is 2. Let's see how the 3 statements perform the swapping:
a = a + b assigns to a the value 1 + 2.b = a - b assigns to b the value 1 + 2 - 2 = 1 (b is now 1).a = a - b assigns to a the value 1 + 2 - 1 = 2 (a is now 2).Finally, a is 2 and b is 1. The swapping of a and b has been performed.
While this approach doesn't use temporary variables, it has considerable limitations.
First, you can swap integers only. Secondly, be aware of the numbers overflow when performing the addition at the first step a = a + b (the sum must be lower than Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER).
The XOR operator evaluates to true if the operands are different. As a reminder, here's the XOR truth table:
┌─────┬─────┬───────┐
│ a │ b │ a ^ b │
├─────┼─────┼───────┤
│ 0 │ 0 │ 0 │
│ 1 │ 1 │ 0 │
│ 0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 1 │ 0 │ 1 │
└─────┴─────┴───────┘
In JavaScript, the bitwise XOR operator n1 ^ n2 performs the XOR operation on each bit of n1 and n2 numbers.
For example, here's how 5 ^ 7 evaluates to 2:
1 0 1 (5 in binary)
1 1 1 (7 in binary)
-----
0 1 0 (5 ^ 7 = 2 in binary)
Bitwise XOR has 2 interesting properties:
n ^ n = 0: bitwise XOR performed on the same number is 0n ^ 0 = n: bitwise XOR performed on a number and zero is the same numberThese XOR properties can be used to swap variables. Let's see how to swap a and b variables:
let a = 1;
let b = 2;
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
console.log(a); // => 2
console.log(b); // => 1
Here's an explanation of why the swapping works:
a = a ^ bb = a ^ b. Based on 1 a is substituted with a ^ b. Thus b = (a ^ b) ^ b = a ^ (b ^ b) = a ^ 0 = a. Remember that b is now a.a = a ^ b. Based on 1 a is substituted with a ^ b and based on 2 b is substituted with a. Thus a = (a ^ b) ^ a = b ^ (a ^ a) = b ^ 0 = b. The variable a becomes b.If you find the explanation complicated, feel free to skip it. The properties of bitwise XOR (n ^ n = 0 and n ^ 0 = n) composed in 3 assignments lets you swap the values of a and b.
Swapping variables using the bitwise XOR operator has limitations: you can swap only integers.
JavaScript offers a bunch of good ways to swap variables, with and without additional memory.
The first way, which I recommend for general use, is swapping variables by applying destructuring assignment [a, b] = [b, a]. It's a short and expressive approach.
The second way uses a temporary variable. It's a good alternative to the destructuring assignment approach.
The third way, using addition and subtraction, doesn't use additional variables or memory. However, the approach is limited to swapping integer numbers only.
In the same way, the fourth approach using bitwise XOR doesn't use additional memory. But again, you can swap integers only.
What's your preferred way to swap variables?
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