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What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Learning Perturbations to Extrapolate Your LLM Byzantine-Robust Distributed Sparse Learning Revisited The Sample Complexity of Multiple Change Point Identification under Bandit Feedback A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling Model-based Bootstrap of Controlled Markov Chains Approximation of Maximally Monotone Operators : A Graph Convergence Perspective Posterior Contraction Rates for Sparse Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks in Anisotropic Besov Spaces MIST: Reliable Streaming Decision Trees for Online Class-Incremental Learning via McDiarmid Bound A Spectral Framework for Closed-Form Relative Density Estimation Fast Rates for Offline Contextual Bandits with Forward-KL Regularization under Single-Policy Concentrability Higher-Order Equilibrium Tracking for EM-Compressible Online Estimation Scaling Limits of Long-Context Transformers A Note on Non-Negative $L_1$-Approximating Polynomials Susceptibilities and Patterning: A Primer on Linear Response in Bayesian Learning Linear Response Estimators for Singular Statistical Models Statistical inference with belief functions: A survey Robust stochastic first order methods in heavy-tailed noise via medoid mini-batch gradient sampling Every Feedforward Neural Network Definable in an o-Minimal Structure Has Finite Sample Complexity Adaptive auditing of AI systems with anytime-valid guarantees Locally Near Optimal Piecewise Linear Regression in High Dimensions via Difference of Max-Affine Functions Risk-Controlled Post-Processing of Decision Policies Covariate Balancing and Riesz Regression Should Be Guided by the Neyman Orthogonal Score in Debiased Machine Learning A Unified Pair-GRPO Family: From Implicit to Explicit Preference Constraints for Stable and General RL Alignment Time-Inhomogeneous Preconditioned Langevin Dynamics A Fine-Grained Understanding of Uniform Convergence for Halfspaces CITE: Anytime-Valid Statistical Inference in LLM Self-Consistency Ratio-based Loss Functions Optimal Confidence Band for Kernel Gradient Flow Estimator A renormalization-group inspired lattice-based framework for piecewise generalized linear models
On the Competitive Analysis and High Accuracy Optimality ...
Yanjun Han, Kirankumar Shiragur · 2020-04-07 · via math.ST updates on arXiv.org

A striking result of [Acharya et al. 2017] showed that to estimate symmetric properties of discrete distributions, plugging in the distribution that maximizes the likelihood of observed multiset of frequencies, also known as the profile maximum likelihood (PML) distribution, is competitive compared with any estimators regardless of the symmetric property. Specifically, given $n$ observations from the discrete distribution, if some estimator incurs an error $\varepsilon$ with probability at most $δ$, then plugging in the PML distribution incurs an error $2\varepsilon$ with probability at most $δ\cdot \exp(3\sqrt{n})$. In this paper, we strengthen the above result and show that using a careful chaining argument, the error probability can be reduced to $δ^{1-c}\cdot \exp(c'n^{1/3+c})$ for arbitrarily small constants $c>0$ and some constant $c'>0$. In particular, we show that the PML distribution is an optimal estimator of the sorted distribution: it is $\varepsilon$-close in sorted $\ell_1$ distance to the true distribution with support size $k$ for any $n=Ω(k/(\varepsilon^2 \log k))$ and $\varepsilon \gg n^{-1/3}$, which are the information-theoretically optimal sample complexity and the largest error regime where the classical empirical distribution is sub-optimal, respectively. In order to strengthen the analysis of the PML, a key ingredient is to employ novel "continuity" properties of the PML distributions and construct a chain of suitable quantized PMLs, or "coverings". We also construct a novel approximation-based estimator for the sorted distribution with a near-optimal concentration property without any sample splitting, where as a byproduct we obtain better trade-offs between the polynomial approximation error and the maximum magnitude of coefficients in the Poisson approximation of $1$-Lipschitz functions.