Colombians voted on Sunday (May 31, 2026) in a Presidential election that could shift the country's response to rising guerrilla violence, choosing between extending spluttering peace talks or turning to a hard-right military crackdown.

Pre-election polls showed left-wing senator Ivan Cepeda leading, but facing a strong challenge from hard-right lawyer Abelardo de la Espriella, a pro-Trump outsider.

The vote is in part a referendum on Colombia's first leftist president, the outgoing Gustavo Petro, and his signature "total peace" initiative of negotiating with guerrillas and drug traffickers.

Experts say armed groups used his peace overtures to amass more territory and produce record amounts of cocaine.

The election campaign was marked by car bombs, attack drones, the assassination of one leading presidential candidate and threats on the lives of others.

De la Espriella — self-styled as "The Tiger" — addressed rallies behind bullet-proof glass.

He wants to confront armed groups in the air, on land and at sea, echoing hard-line rhetoric behind recent right-wing wins elsewhere in Latin America.

On Sunday, the 47-year-old millionaire called the election "the most important battle in the republic's history" and claimed he could pull off an outright win, avoiding the June 21 runoff that polls suggest will be necessary.

"This government really strengthened armed groups by being so soft," said Catalina Devia, a 42-year-old advertising executive and mother of two, who is considering emigrating if Cepeda wins.

Fear of war returning

Mr. Petro is constitutionally barred from running and has backed 63-year-old Cepeda — the son of a senator killed by right-wing paramilitaries.

Mr. Cepeda derives much of his support from the popularity of his firebrand mentor, who famously clashed last year on social media with U.S. President Donald Trump over migration and Venezuela.

Mr. Trump derided Petro as a drug trafficker and imposed sanctions on him, but the two later buried the hatchet, with Mr. Petro welcomed at the White House in February.

Low-income voters particularly feel grateful to Mr. Petro, an ex-guerrilla, for hiking the minimum wage, raising overtime pay and transferring 700,000 hectares of land to the poor.

"I like the direction the Petro government took," said Pedro Barragan, a 52-year-old teacher voting in central Bogota.

"I think we've done quite a lot in terms of education... protecting the environment, social justice, and defending human rights."

Whoever replaces Petro will have to reckon with an alphabet soup of criminal groups engaging in drug trafficking, illegal mining and extortion.

Cepeda's backers fear a right-wing victory would spark a return to decades of war between the State and armed groups.

Right-wing rivals

De la Espriella, who styles himself on El Salvador's iron-fisted President Nayib Bukele but looks to Argentina's Javier Milei on the economy, has vowed that guerrillas and drug-traffickers will face either "the grave or prison."

Third-placed conservative Senator Paloma Valencia, 48, a close ally of kingmaker and former president Alvaro Uribe, also favors a militarized approach.

But she also sought to win over centrists and women anxious for Colombia to have its first female president.

"What Colombia needs is calm and education, nothing more," Maria Juliana Duque, a 44-year-old Valencia voter, said in Bogota, dismissing Cepeda and De la Espriella as twin "evils."

Despite worsening violence in remote rebel-held areas, election day was calm.

The government deployed 408,000 law enforcement officers to ensure security.

In Uribia, near Colombia's restive border with Venezuela, voters demanded better security but also better health services, roads and more jobs.

"What do I expect from the new government? That it take Indigenous communities into account," Yorelis Polanco, a member of the Wayuu community, said.

Colombia is the world's largest cocaine producer, and the drug trade has much to answer for the worst violence in a decade.

Last year's killing of right-wing candidate Miguel Uribe, blamed on a leftist guerrilla group, has left many Colombians nervous about a return to the bad old days.

In late April, a bomb on a highway in the southwestern Cauca region killed 21 people, making it the deadliest attack against civilians in recent decades. The group responsible later claimed a "tactical error."