Pope Leo XIV made a historic apology on Monday (May 25, 2026) for the role the Holy See itself played in legitimising slavery and for having failed to condemn it for centuries, calling the Vatican's record a “wound in Christian memory.”

Past Popes have apologised for Christians' involvement in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. But no Pope has ever publicly acknowledged, much less apologised for, the role that past popes themselves played in giving European sovereigns explicit authority to subjugate and enslave “infidels.”

History's first U.S.-born Pope, whose family history includes both enslaved people and slave owners, delivered the apology in his first encyclical, “Magnifica Humanitas” (Magnificent Humanity), which was released Monday (May 25).

The sweeping manifesto is about safeguarding humanity in an era of increasing reliance on artificial intelligence. Pope Leo raised the trans-Atlantic slave trade in relation to what he called the new forms of slavery and colonialism that the digital revolution is fuelling, such as the unregulated labour required to procure rare minerals needed for AI chips.

In doing so, Pope Leo responded to decades of calls by Black American Catholics, activists and scholars for the Holy See to atone for its own role in the colonial-era trade in human beings.

“It is impossible not to feel deep sorrow when contemplating the immense suffering and humiliation endured by so many in stark contrast to their immeasurable dignity as persons infinitely loved by the Lord,” Pope Leo wrote. “For this, in the name of the Church, I sincerely ask for pardon.”

Centuries of legitimising slavery for European colonisers

The Vatican has insisted that it always upheld the dignity of all human beings as children of God. But a series of 15th-Century directives from the Vatican authorized Portuguese sovereigns to conquer Africa and the Americas and enslave non-Christians.

In 1452, for example, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, which gave the Portuguese king and his successors the right “to invade, conquer, fight and subjugate” and take all possessions — including land — of “Saracens, and pagans, and other infidels, and enemies of the name of Christ” anywhere.

The bull also gave the Portuguese permission “to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery.” That bull and another issued three years later, Romanus Pontifex, formed the basis of the Doctrine of Discovery, the theory that legitimised the colonial-era seizure of land in Africa and the Americas.

Pope Nicholas V's permissions to the Portuguese were confirmed or renewed by Pope Callixtus III in 1456, Pope Sixtus IV in 1481, and Pope Leo X in 1514, according to the Rev. Christopher J. Kellerman, a Jesuit priest and author of “All Oppression Shall Cease: A History of Slavery, Abolitionism, and the Catholic Church.” Spanish kings received the rights for the Americas.

In 2023, the Vatican formally repudiated the Doctrine of Discovery, but it never formally rescinded, abrogated or rejected the bulls themselves. The Vatican insists that a later bull, Sublimis Deus in 1537, reaffirmed that Indigenous peoples shouldn't be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property, and weren't to be enslaved.

Holy See late to condemn slavery, Pope Leo says

In his encyclical, Pope Leo recalled that his namesake, Pope Leo XIII, was the first pope to explicitly condemn slavery in 1888, though that was long after many countries had already abolished it. Before that, in antiquity and the Middle Ages, even church institutions had slaves.

In acknowledging the Holy See's own role and the 15th-Century papal bulls, Pope Leo wrote in his encyclical: “Already in the early modern period, the Apostolic See of Rome, responding to the requests of sovereigns, intervened several times to regulate and legitimise forms of subjugation, and, in certain cases, including the enslavement of infidels.'” Pope Leo said that it wasn't possible to judge the morality of the decisions with today's standards.

“Yet neither can we deny or diminish the delay with which both society and the church came to denounce the scourge of slavery,” he said.

The Pope said that the church has long affirmed the dignity of every human being as the basis of its doctrine, “even if it took eighteen centuries for its full incompatibility with slavery to be explicitly recognised.” “This constitutes a wound in Christian memory, one from which we cannot consider ourselves detached,” he said.

Pope Leo said that the church today must firmly condemn all forms of trafficking related to the digital technological revolution “if we want to avoid the need to ask for pardon again in the future for having failed to respect the treasure of human dignity that is required by our faith.”

Leo's own family history and past apologies

During his 1985 visit to Cameroon, St. John Paul II asked forgiveness of Africans for the slave trade on behalf of Christians who participated in it, but not for the popes' own role in it. In a 1992 visit to Goree Island, Senegal, which was the largest slave-trading centre in West Africa, he denounced the injustice of slavery and called it a “tragedy of a civilisation that called itself Christian.” According to genealogical research published by Henry Louis Gates Jr., 17 of Pope Leo's American ancestors were Black, listed in census records as mulatto, Black, Creole, or a free person of colour. His family tree includes slaveholders and enslaved people, Gates wrote in The New York Times.

During a visit to Angola last month, Pope Leo prayed at a Catholic shrine located at the site of an important hub of the African slave trade during Portugal's colonial rule. While at the Sanctuary of Mama Muxima, Pope Leo recalled the “sorrow and great suffering” Angolans endured for centuries, but he didn't refer specifically to slavery.