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The Hindu: Latest News today from India and the World, Breaking news, Top Headlines and Trending News Videos.

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從碳稅到新規則,塑造印度貿易的新趨勢
2026-05-28 · via The Hindu: Latest News today from India and the World, Breaking news, Top Headlines and Trending News Videos.
‘While CBAM could encourage wider adoption of carbon-pricing policies, it also poses significant challenges for developing countries such as India’

‘雖然 CBAM 可能會鼓勵更廣泛地採用碳定價政策,但它也對印度等發展中國家構成顯著挑戰’ | 照片來源:Getty Images

於2021年7月提出,歐洲聯盟(EU)的碳邊境調整機制(CBAM)將於2026年1月1日起進入最終階段。作為一項氣候政策工具,CBAM透過對進口產品徵收基於其內含排放的碳相關費用來防止碳流失。鋼鐵、水泥、鋁、肥料、電力和氫氣等高碳產品將受到影響。雖然CBAM可能會鼓勵更廣泛地採用碳定價政策並幫助減少全球排放,但它也對印度等發展中國家構成顯著挑戰。

即使印度正與歐盟進行雙邊貿易談判,碳排放在線監測系統(CBAM)仍將適用,使碳密集型出口到歐洲的成本更高。因此,市場准入不僅受關稅影響,也受碳排放在線監測系統(CBAM)的合規性影響。其影響也可能透過全球價格變動以及其他發達國家逐步採用類似政策而擴展至目標行業之外。

受影響的行業

印度鋼鐵及鋁業可能會面臨最直接的影響,考慮到其對歐洲市場的依賴以及碳密集型生產流程。儘管碳稅將正式由歐盟進口商支付,但部分負擔可能會透過更緊密的合約和更嚴格供應商選擇轉移到出口商身上。隨著歐洲買家越來越偏好低排放供應商,印度出口商可能必須吸收部分額外成本以保持歐洲市場的競爭力,或投資更清潔的技術以維持市場准入。在短期內,合規成本可能縮小利潤邊際並傷害出口競爭力,儘管正在進行自由貿易協議談判。

CBAM 的影響不限於直接貿易衝擊。作為化肥的主要淨進口國,印度也可能透過全球價格傳遞面臨間接的價格壓力。對歐盟的主要化肥出口國——埃及、俄羅斯、摩洛哥和中國——也是印度化肥的主要供應商。隨著這些供應商面臨更高的碳合規成本,部分負擔可能會透過更高的全球化肥價格轉移過去。因此,印度的化肥進口開支可能會增加,威脅農業部門、農場盈利能力和高食品價格。更廣泛地說,CBAM 號召了一項全球貿易結構性轉變,因為其他發達國家考慮採用類似的碳關稅合規政策,可能會限制像印度這樣的發展中國家的市場准入。

CBAM 框架

CBAM 在結構上與傳統非關稅措施 (NTMs),例如產品標準,有所不同。雖然 NTMs 經由合規要求影響市場准入,且主要是定性分析,有解釋空間,但 CBAM 是基於價格且可量化,直接將碳密集型產品的市場准入與碳排放掛鉤。

在這個變化的情境下,即使出口商遵守目標市場的產品品質標準,生產的碳強度也可能會提高出口成本,從而限制市場准入。此外,投資於更清潔的能源並轉向碳中和生產,比遵守傳統產品品質標準顯著地更貴,尤其是在短期內。

市場准入與出口增長不再僅由關稅決定。隨著全球貿易越來越與碳排放在線度掛鉤,比較優勢現在不僅取決於生產效率和定價,也取決於生產流程的碳效率。在此背景下,像印度這樣的國家必須採取雙管齊下的策略,即國內改革和有效的國際談判.

需要考慮的動作

在國內,加強對清潔能源的投資以及嚴格執行碳政策對於提升企業的碳效率至關重要。在國際上,印度必須爭取對發展中國家的公平待遇,以便透過分階過渡來緩解碳合規的短期成本。由於像CBAM這樣的氣候政策也會提高進口排放密集型且更昂貴的商品(如肥料)的成本,因此通過提高國內生產、更好地實施土壤健康卡計劃以及推廣平衡和按需施用肥料來減少進口依賴同樣至關重要。印度還必須尋求過渡性支持和技术轉讓,以確保在與發達國家的貿易協議中擁有公平的競爭環境。這個挑戰不僅僅是適應碳限制的貿易體制,還要確保過渡不會損害增長和可持續性。

Poornima Varma 是印度管理學院亞米達巴德 (IIMA) 的教職員員。所表達的觀點是個人

發表於 - 2026年5月28日 中午12:08 IST