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劳尔·卡斯特罗 | 老者与围城
2026-05-24 · via The Hindu: Latest News today from India and the World, Breaking news, Top Headlines and Trending News Videos.

本月之初,美利坚以封锁燃料之策,数月之久,扼杀古巴生计。特朗普政府遂欲以九十四岁前总统劳尔·卡斯特罗·鲁斯涉一九九六年于佛罗里达海峡击落两架民航机案而起诉之。彼时,卡斯特罗任古巴国防部长。彼时总统,亦劳尔之兄费德尔·卡斯特罗,曾公开为是役之责,此役殁四人,哈瓦那称其地为其疆域也。

虽美利坚之媒,恒以"救兄会"——飞机向古巴之众——之被击落为无故杀人状,然实录显其辈实自招大衅。其创者何?乃何塞·巴苏托也,古巴流民,实为1961年美利坚暗助而败之猪湾之役之宿将,尝语《大西洋》云。 其为美利坚所"训练为恐怖分子"。所谓"兄弟"者,屡次飞入古巴空域,撒反政府传单,欲求其所谓"对抗"。古巴曾警告美利坚当局;及至击落之日,古巴空中管制员劝令飞行员止,巴斯尔托则应曰:"吾辈愿为之。此乃自由古巴之权利。"

立时之果,乃美利坚之禁令愈厉——自一九六二年立,哈瓦那素称经济封锁之禁令也——尤以赫尔姆斯-伯顿法案为甚,此法案仅于击落事件后三周通过。然此三十载之旧案,乃劳尔·卡斯特罗所受之罪,重演年初美利坚掳获委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗之荒诞指控。

何故乎?一耄耋之年,体弱多病,耳目不聪,言语迟缓,竟又为特朗普之政所瞩目?欲知其故,当识一革命伟人,其名久为魅力超凡之兄长菲德尔所掩。

劳尔·卡斯特罗,生于一九三一年古巴东部之比兰,乃三子中最幼,其父为地主,使三子同窗。菲德尔,吾生,告记者伊格纳西奥·拉莫内特曰,彼实抚育劳尔于学龄之时。然劳尔之政见,乃其自出。时劳尔为哈瓦那大学法学生,入民众社会主义党(PSP,古巴当时之主要共产党)青年部,并于一九五三年赴维也纳,参加苏联所组织之青年大会。

‘普通战士’

菲德尔偕同正道党(左翼民族主义者)诸人,谋袭蒙卡达兵营,欲以此举为推翻富尔亨西奥·巴蒂斯塔独裁之始,劳尔慨然应之——此举遂使其与古巴社会主义工人党龃龉,该党尝斥此役终成败绩。劳尔自谓“普通战士”(菲德尔语)。及至兵败,其部众被困,劳尔竟使围兵反为己囚,得救部众免遭酷刑戮尸。后终被捕,与菲德尔同囚于长岛。获释后,兄弟二人赴墨西哥,劳尔初遇阿根廷医者埃内斯托·‘切’·格瓦拉,遂引荐于菲德尔。

与切·格瓦拉及八十余叛军,菲德尔登游艇而去祖母 冬月发游击之变,然登陆三日,即遭巴蒂斯塔之兵所攻,仅余数十人。二星期后,劳尔至马埃斯特拉山,携五铳以增费德尔之两铳,费德尔遂有名言曰:“今可胜此战矣”。

自是核起,叛者徐建柱垒于古巴东土。至一九五八年三月,劳尔得专征——山北圣地亚哥之第二东线“法兰克·派斯”。年方廿六,非惟统兵,亦掌雏政。其线遭空袭,乃劫美民于地,以引国际之目,迫空袭之止。菲德尔后谓,劳尔之第二线,于战局之成,实为枢要。

革命胜于一九五九年正月,劳尔遂为革命军政部长,居此职四十九载于古巴之共产政权。人谓其能以游击之师建为邦国——黜彼巴蒂斯塔军官,立国民革命民兵,筑古巴之卫戍。一九六一年,劳尔助领守卫于猪湾。一九六二年十月古巴导弹危局,劳尔奉命赴莫斯科,携亲笔军事盟约,苏联领袖尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫所纳。七十至八十年代,劳尔督率古巴最大之海外之师——国际主义之师赴安哥拉,助阿戈斯蒂纽·内托之MPLA政府抗南非之干涉。十五年之役,终迫比勒陀利亚就谈判之桌,助促南非南部种族隔离之终,此功非乃尔逊·曼德拉所不识。

若198年代为劳尔军思之试,则199年代乃对其组织之能大试。及古巴主要经济之助者苏联崩,劳尔乃为解此危局,任其要职。彼将FAR化为民经济之制,言“豆之值重于炮”,遂施之于农。由是改革,生军事之商业集团,名曰Administracion Empresarial S.A.(GAESA),历廿载,已成巨擘,控古巴经济之广域。毁者责其无当之责而滋长,誉者称其于美之封锁长围中,维系古巴之存。

短暂消融

今朝,GAESA为川普政府所明确指摘——美古关系之短暂消融,复为川普初掌权柄前所偶现。

是劳尔掌权之时,其位虽于二零零八年始正,然实于二零零六年菲德尔病起已执其政。更早时,劳尔为国防部长,已暗通美国,以禁毒与反移民之合作为介。及为总统,此职亦承于菲德尔殁后,乃合法私营,废争议双币制,且践其两任而退之诺。

奥巴马总统任内,劳尔致力于缓和关系,终至甲午年(二〇一四)十二月十七日之公告。时两国领袖同声宣告,断绝五十余载之隔,复全然邦交。禁运之令犹存,然往来之禁、侨汇之限稍宽。然此开明未久,特朗普首任,多所撤回,禁运愈严,且贬古巴为“恐怖主义支持国”,虽其亦受美利坚显隐之助而遭恐怖行径之害也。

今朝,以一月二六之行政敕令斥古巴为“非尙非常之患”,以燃料封锁窒碍日用,以五角大楼据传草拟兵戎之谋,复以拉乌尔遭起诉,凡此种种,皆显裸裸之图,欲以武力倾覆久欲以他道颠覆之邦国。

古巴人于哈瓦那集会,以示与久经考验之革命领袖同心,此领袖虽为反对者久斥为仅系菲德尔之兄,然1959年革命后,仍为国民议会议员,且为古巴国之定鼎人物。