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The Hindu: Latest News today from India and the World, Breaking news, Top Headlines and Trending News Videos.

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碳关税,新规塑印度贸易
2026-05-28 · via The Hindu: Latest News today from India and the World, Breaking news, Top Headlines and Trending News Videos.
‘While CBAM could encourage wider adoption of carbon-pricing policies, it also poses significant challenges for developing countries such as India’

“CBAM 或可促碳价策之广行,然亦为印度等发展中国家设重大之障” | 照片出处:Getty Images

二零二一年七月,欧盟(EU)之碳边境调节机制(CBAM)始议,自二零二六年元日起,迈入其定章之期。此为气候之策,欲防碳之漏逸,乃对进口之物,依其内含之碳排放,加碳价之征。钢铁、水泥、铝、肥料、电力、氢气等重碳之物,皆在其列。CBAM虽可促碳价之策之广行,助减全球之碳,然亦对印度等发展中国家,成重大之挑战。

虽印度与欧盟议双边贸,然CBAM之制犹在,致碳重之输出于欧,价必增。故市准入之势,非独恃关税,亦赖合碳排之规。其效或亦及于非所定之业,因全球价变,及他发达国渐采同类之策也。

受影响之业

印度之钢铁铝业,殆将首当其冲,盖因其倚重欧市,且生产多耗碳也。虽碳税之赋,名义上由欧陆进口商承担,然部分之重,或移于出口商,缘契约益严,供者之选益苛。欧陆买主日重低碳排放之供者,印度出口商或须担负部分之增费,以保竞逐于欧市,或投资于洁净之技,以存市场之途。短期之内,合规之费或缩利润之幅,损出口之竞,纵有自由贸易之约在谈。

CBAM之效,非止于直接贸易之影响。印度为化肥之大宗净输入国,或亦将受全球价格传导之间接价压。输欧之化肥要地,如埃及、俄罗斯、摩洛哥及中国,亦为印度之化肥大宗供应者。此等供应者若遇碳合规成本之增,其负担或将以全球化肥价高而转嫁。是故印度之化肥输入之费,当必增加,危及农事、田利及粮价之高。更广言之,CBAM示全球贸易结构之变,他之发达国或思采类此碳关税合规之策,或将限印度等发展中国家之市场准入。

CBAM框架

CBAM之结构异于传统非关税措施(NTMs),如产品标准。NTMs以合规要求影响市场准入,多属定性范畴,存阐释之隙;CBAM则依价格定量,直系碳密集产品市场准入与碳排放。

时移则境迁,纵出口商恪守他国货品之规,其生产之碳重,恐将增出口之费,遂碍市门之通。复投清能、迁向无碳之产,其费远甚于循旧货品之规,尤以短期为甚。

市准入与出口之增,非独关税可决。今全球贸易渐与碳排放之制相系,相较之利,非惟生产之效与价,亦在制程之碳效。当此之际,若印度之国,当采二术:一为内政之革,二为外交之谋,务求有效。

所当思虑者

于内,增投洁净之能,严行碳政,乃提企碳效之要也。于外,印度当议求发展中国家之平等待遇,俾短期碳合规之费,得经渐变而纾之。盖气候之策如CBAM,亦增进口排放密集、价高之物如肥料之费,故减进口之倚,赖增国产、善施土康卡之策,并促肥施均衡、应需而用,亦同等紧要。印度亦当求过渡之助、技术转让,以保与发达国家贸易协定之均场。其难非独适碳制之贸,更在保过渡不损成长与永续。

波奥尼玛·瓦玛者,印度管理学院艾哈迈达巴德(IIMA)之教席也。所陈之见,乃其私见也

发表于-五月廿八日午时四十八分,印度标准时间也