Similarly, less than one in five understand how online tracking works, while privacy policies are generally misunderstood, creating what Monash calls a “false sense of protection”.

The study’s author, Dr Omar Haggag of Monash’s faculty of information technology, said the results illustrated a “privacy knowledge crisis” among Australians.

“Our findings highlight a growing disconnect between how digital systems operate and how people understand them,” Haggag said.

“Many Australians have a strong sense that their privacy is being compromised, but they don’t have the tools or knowledge to explain what’s happening.

“This creates fractured awareness, where people feel uneasy and distrustful, but also powerless to act because the systems are too complex or opaque.

“This also comes at a critical time, as Australia reviews its Privacy Act and faces increasing concerns over data misuse by global technology platforms.”

The survey found that older respondents were more likely to lack an understanding of the technical side of digital privacy. On the other hand, younger respondents were more concerned about device microphones listening to conversations.

The research also found that 60 per cent of lower-income respondents said they had given up on attempting to control how their data is used.

Professor John Grundy, co-author of the study, said the findings illustrate a “deeper, systemic issue in how digital privacy is designed and communicated”.

“Current systems often assume users are informed and able to make meaningful choices, but our research shows this assumption does not hold,” Grundy said.

“When privacy tools and consent mechanisms are confusing or misleading, they don’t empower users; they can actually reinforce misunderstanding and erode trust.”

You can read the full research paper here.