Advances in cancer treatment, early detection technologies and public awareness of healthier lifestyles are improving patient outcomes in Japan.

Among adults (aged 15 and over) diagnosed in 2018, the national five-year survival rates reached 92.5% for prostate cancer, 88.4% for female breast cancer and 71.4% for cervical cancer, which is broadly consistent with those reported for patients diagnosed in 2016.

At the same time, notable progress has been made in more challenging cancers, with survival rates for pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma and lung cancer improving by more than five percentage points over the same period, underscoring steady advances in treatment and care.

Despite these steady rates, cancer remains a leading cause of death globally and the primary cause of death in Japan. Since the 1980s, cancer incidence has continued to rise among both men and women. According to the Japan Cancer Society, cancer accounted for approximately 380,000 deaths in 2025, representing 23.9% of all deaths. In response, national and local governments, together with businesses, are strengthening efforts in early detection, advancing treatment innovation and expanding support for patients during treatment.

Promoting cancer screening

Within the prevention pillar, increasing screening uptake is a priority, with targets set at over 60% participation in cancer screening and over 90% follow-up for detailed examinations. According to national survey data, however, participation rates, while improving, still fall short of these targets across most screening programmes. In particular, breast and cervical cancer screening rates remain relatively low compared to other developed countries.

Cancer screening in Japan is primarily conducted through workplaces and local communities. Improving participation, therefore, requires stronger collaboration between companies and municipalities. Efforts are also underway to reduce barriers to access, including the digitization of paper-based administrative processes in local governments.

Corporate-led initiatives are also emerging. One example is the establishment of a “Corporate Consortium” to promote practical cancer prevention measures and protect employees across organizations. By sharing best practices and addressing internal barriers, participating companies aim to translate awareness into action and expand workplace-based cancer initiatives nationwide. Asahi Kasei, a member of the consortium, has introduced e-learning programmes on cancer prevention and work-treatment balance during sign-up periods for cancer screening, achieving a participation rate of 95.7%.

Advancing next-generation treatments

Innovation in cancer treatment is also accelerating. New approaches including photoimmunotherapy and virotherapy are gaining traction. Photoimmunotherapy, which uses a drug activated by laser light to selectively destroy cancer cells, is already covered by insurance in Japan for unresectable head and neck cancers. Meanwhile, virotherapy, using genetically modified viruses to infect and destroy cancer cells, is also showing promise, minimizing damage to healthy cells while enhancing immune responses. A biotech startup originating from Okayama University, Oncolys BioPharma, has applied for regulatory approval for such a therapy, with potential commercialization expected as early as 2026.

Supporting work during treatment

Access to advanced treatment is also expanding. One notable innovation is a mobile cancer treatment unit developed by the National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology. This trailer-based facility can be transported to hospitals, significantly reducing infrastructure costs to about one-tenth of conventional systems while expanding access to targeted alpha therapy.

Strengthening societal resilience through cancer care

Together, these efforts are enabling more people to continue working after a cancer diagnosis, improving individual well-being while sustaining workforce participation and productivity. Progress in early detection, treatment innovation and workplace support is driving a shift towards a society where people can live and work with cancer.

Strengthening cancer prevention and treatment is not only a public health priority but also a foundation for building a more resilient, inclusive and productive society. Continued collaboration across governments, businesses and healthcare systems will be essential to sustain this progress.