Abstract

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) enable agentic systems trained with reinforcement learning (RL) over multi-turn interaction, but practical deployment is bottlenecked by rapidly growing textual histories that inflate token and memory costs. We introduce AgentOCR, a framework that exploits visual tokens’ superior information density by representing the accumulated observation-action history as a compact rendered image. To make multi-turn rollouts scalable, AgentOCR proposes segment optical caching. By decomposing history into hashable segments and maintaining a visual cache, this mechanism eliminates redundant re-rendering. Beyond fixed rendering, AgentOCR introduces agentic self-compression, where the agent actively emits a compression rate and is trained with compression-aware reward to adaptively balance task success and token efficiency. We conduct extensive experiments on challenging agentic benchmarks, ALFWorld and search-based QA. Remarkably, AgentOCR preserves over 95% of text-based agent performance while substantially reducing token consumption (>50%), yielding consistent token and memory efficiency. Further analysis validates a 20× rendering speedup from optical caching and effective self-compression balancing. Our code is available at https://github.com/langfengQ/AgentOCR.