PS：要转载请注明出处，本人版权所有。
PS: 这个只是基于《我自己》的理解，
如果和你的原则及想法相冲突，请谅解，勿喷。
无
在我们想把底层C++/C的接口暴露给python的时候，我们一般采用的是pybind11框架，可以很方便的让我们暴露接口。对于普通的接口参数类型来说，pybind11也提供了适合的转换类型（例如：std::vector/uint64_t 等等）。但是年前的一个项目中，遇到了一类特别的参数，函数指针，让我一度很头疼，导致我遇到了如下几个问题：
下面来看看我遇到上面的几个问题的实际例子。
事情是这样的，我有一个c++接口，接收一个类似void(*CB)(Data&)的函数指针，当我尝试将此接口暴露给python的时候，AI一步到位给我写好了转换代码如下：
#include <cstdio>
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#include <pybind11/functional.h>
namespace py = pybind11;
typedef void(*CB)(int&);
class Test{
public:
void test(CB cb)
{
printf("printf");
}
};
PYBIND11_MODULE(testpy, m) {
m.doc() = "pybind11 wrapper for testpy class";
py::class_<Test>(m, "Test")
.def(py::init<>(), "Constructor for the Test class")
.def("test", [](Test& self, std::function<void(int&)> callback) {
//... ...
auto cb = [callback](int&d){
callback(d);
};
// 下面这行报错，错误信息类似： error: cannot convert ‘pybind11_init_testpy(pybind11::module_&)::<lambda(Test&, std::function<void(int&)>)>::<lambda(int&)>’ to ‘CB’ {aka ‘void (*)(int&)’}
return self.test(cb);
}
}
import testpy
def test_cb(i):
print(f'test_cb i = {i}')
t = testpy.Test()
t.test()
首先，这里有个结论，AI给出的代码是错误的(带捕获参数的lambda不能直接转换为裸指针，可看注释部分)，但是形式上面给出了转换代码的大致框架，这里精简后，整个问题的核心就是：pybind11的std::function怎么转换为函数指针。
下面我们看看怎么解决上面3个问题，并解决最终问题。
要解决这个问题，我们得了解python的函数传递过来，这里的callback到底是什么东西？由于pybind11是大量的宏来生成代码，为了快速得到我们要的内容，我们使用gdb来对堆栈进行分析。
#0 test_cb (i=@0x7fffffffd714: 9999) at testpy.cpp:19
#1 0x00007ffff73bfded in Test::test (this=0xc49820, cb=0x7ffff73ab120 <test_cb(int&)>) at testpy.cpp:13
#2 0x00007ffff73ab3f7 in operator()(Test &, std::function<void(int&)>) const (__closure=0xc49678, self=..., callback=...) at testpy.cpp:33
#3 0x00007ffff73ac08c in pybind11::detail::argument_loader<Test&, std::function<void(int&)> >::call_impl<void, pybind11_init_testpy(pybind11::module_&)::<lambda(Test&, std::function<void(int&)>)>&, 0, 1, pybind11::detail::void_type>(struct {...} &, std::index_sequence, pybind11::detail::void_type &&) (this=0x7fffffffd8a0, f=...) at /usr/include/pybind11/cast.h:1480
#4 0x00007ffff73abd00 in pybind11::detail::argument_loader<Test&, std::function<void(int&)> >::call<void, pybind11::detail::void_type, pybind11_init_testpy(pybind11::module_&)::<lambda(Test&, std::function<void(int&)>)>&>(struct {...} &) (this=0x7fffffffd8a0, f=...) at /usr/include/pybind11/cast.h:1454
#5 0x00007ffff73ab9b7 in operator() (__closure=0x0, call=...) at /usr/include/pybind11/pybind11.h:254
#6 0x00007ffff73aba6c in _FUN () at /usr/include/pybind11/pybind11.h:224
#7 0x00007ffff73bd52c in pybind11::cpp_function::dispatcher (self=0x7ffff75fedc0, args_in=0x7ffff7421f80, kwargs_in=0x0) at /usr/include/pybind11/pybind11.h:946
#8 0x0000000000581ecf in cfunction_call (func=0x7ffff740ba10, args=<optimized out>, kwargs=<optimized out>) at ../Objects/methodobject.c:537
#9 0x0000000000549205 in _PyObject_MakeTpCall (tstate=0xba5748 <_PyRuntime+459656>, callable=0x7ffff740ba10, args=<optimized out>, nargs=2, keywords=0x0) at ../Objects/call.c:240
#10 0x0000000000549c3d in _PyObject_VectorcallTstate (kwnames=<optimized out>, nargsf=<optimized out>, args=<optimized out>, callable=<optimized out>, tstate=<optimized out>) at ../Include/internal/pycore_call.h:90
#11 0x00000000005d7109 in _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault (tstate=tstate@entry=0xba5748 <_PyRuntime+459656>, frame=<optimized out>, frame@entry=0x7ffff7fb2020, throwflag=throwflag@entry=0) at Python/bytecodes.c:2706
#12 0x00000000005d564b in _PyEval_EvalFrame (throwflag=0, frame=0x7ffff7fb2020, tstate=0xba5748 <_PyRuntime+459656>) at ../Include/internal/pycore_ceval.h:89
#13 _PyEval_Vector (kwnames=0x0, argcount=0, args=0x0, locals=0x7ffff75f9a80, func=0x7ffff75da160, tstate=0xba5748 <_PyRuntime+459656>) at ../Python/ceval.c:1683
#14 PyEval_EvalCode (co=co@entry=0x7ffff75604b0, globals=globals@entry=0x7ffff75f9a80, locals=locals@entry=0x7ffff75f9a80) at ../Python/ceval.c:578
#15 0x00000000006087b2 in run_eval_code_obj (locals=0x7ffff75f9a80, globals=0x7ffff75f9a80, co=0x7ffff75604b0, tstate=0xba5748 <_PyRuntime+459656>) at ../Python/pythonrun.c:1722
#16 run_mod (mod=<optimized out>, filename=<optimized out>, globals=0x7ffff75f9a80, locals=0x7ffff75f9a80, flags=<optimized out>, arena=<optimized out>) at ../Python/pythonrun.c:1743
#17 0x00000000006b4853 in pyrun_file (fp=fp@entry=0xbf6480, filename=filename@entry=0x7ffff7409ca0, start=start@entry=257, globals=globals@entry=0x7ffff75f9a80, locals=locals@entry=0x7ffff75f9a80, closeit=closeit@entry=1, flags=0x7fffffffe0a8) at ../Python/pythonrun.c:1643
#18 0x00000000006b45ba in _PyRun_SimpleFileObject (fp=fp@entry=0xbf6480, filename=filename@entry=0x7ffff7409ca0, closeit=closeit@entry=1, flags=flags@entry=0x7fffffffe0a8) at ../Python/pythonrun.c:433
#19 0x00000000006b43ef in _PyRun_AnyFileObject (fp=0xbf6480, filename=filename@entry=0x7ffff7409ca0, closeit=closeit@entry=1, flags=flags@entry=0x7fffffffe0a8) at ../Python/pythonrun.c:78
#20 0x00000000006bc455 in pymain_run_file_obj (skip_source_first_line=0, filename=0x7ffff7409ca0, program_name=0x7ffff75f9bf0) at ../Modules/main.c:360
#21 pymain_run_file (config=0xb48328 <_PyRuntime+77672>) at ../Modules/main.c:379
#22 pymain_run_python (exitcode=0x7fffffffe09c) at ../Modules/main.c:629
#23 Py_RunMain () at ../Modules/main.c:709
#24 0x00000000006bbf3d in Py_BytesMain (argc=<optimized out>, argv=<optimized out>) at ../Modules/main.c:763
#25 0x00007ffff7c2a1ca in __libc_start_call_main (main=main@entry=0x518ac0 <main>, argc=argc@entry=2, argv=argv@entry=0x7fffffffe2e8) at ../sysdeps/nptl/libc_start_call_main.h:58
#26 0x00007ffff7c2a28b in __libc_start_main_impl (main=0x518ac0 <main>, argc=2, argv=0x7fffffffe2e8, init=<optimized out>, fini=<optimized out>, rtld_fini=<optimized out>, stack_end=0x7fffffffe2d8) at ../csu/libc-start.c:360
#27 0x00000000006574f5 in _start ()
从上面看，核心就是从python解释器，到了pybind11::cpp_function::dispatcher，然后到了我们的test函数。如果我们对pybind11不熟悉的话，我们还是需要深入去看pybind11才能回答我们上面的问题，但是我这里想到了另外一个办法。
我们都知道，pybind11底层是由cpython实现的，因此我们通过cpython来实现上面的同样的功能是什么样子的呢？直接让AI生成示例如下：
#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
#include <Python.h>
#include <cstdio>
#include <functional>
// --- C++ 逻辑模拟部分 ---
typedef void(*CB)(int&);
class Test{
public:
void test(CB cb)
{
int i = 9999;
cb(i);
}
};
void test_cb(int& i)
{
printf("test_cb from cxx i = %d\n", i);
}
// --- CPython 包装部分 ---
// 定义 Python 中的 Test 对象结构
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
Test* cpp_obj; // 指向实际的 C++ 对象
} PyTestObject;
void pybind11_like_func(Test& self, std::function<void(int&)> callback)
{
//... ...
auto cb = [callback](int&d){
callback(d);
};
int i = 8888;
cb(i);
// return self.test(cb);
return self.test(test_cb);
}
// Test.test(callback) 的实现
static PyObject* PyTest_test(PyTestObject* self, PyObject* args) {
PyObject* pycallback = NULL;
// 1. 解析参数，期望得到一个可调用对象
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &pycallback)) {
return NULL;
}
if (!PyCallable_Check(pycallback)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Parameter must be callable");
return NULL;
}
// 2. 核心：模拟 std::function<void(int&)> 的构造
// 我们在这里捕获 py_callback 指针。注意：实际生产中需要处理引用计数
std::function<void(int&)> cpp_callback = [pycallback](int& d) {
// A. 必须获取 GIL，因为回调可能由 C++ 触发
PyGILState_STATE gstate = PyGILState_Ensure();
// B. 参数转换：C++ int& -> Python Long
PyObject* arg = PyLong_FromLong((long)d);
PyObject* arg_tuple = PyTuple_Pack(1, arg);
// C. 调用 Python 函数
PyObject* result = PyObject_CallObject(pycallback, arg_tuple);
// D. 错误处理与清理
if (!result) {
PyErr_Print();
}
Py_XDECREF(result);
Py_DECREF(arg_tuple);
Py_DECREF(arg);
// E. 释放 GIL
PyGILState_Release(gstate);
};
pybind11_like_func(*self->cpp_obj, cpp_callback);
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
// --- 类型与模块定义 ---
static PyMethodDef PyTest_methods[] = {
{"test", (PyCFunction)PyTest_test, METH_VARARGS, "Execute test with callback"},
{NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
};
static PyTypeObject PyTestType = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
.tp_name = "testcpy.Test",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(PyTestObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
.tp_methods = PyTest_methods,
.tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,
};
static struct PyModuleDef testcpymodule = {
PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
"testcpy",
"CPython version of testcpy",
-1,
NULL
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_testcpy(void) {
PyObject* m;
if (PyType_Ready(&PyTestType) < 0) return NULL;
m = PyModule_Create(&testcpymodule);
if (m == NULL) return NULL;
Py_INCREF(&PyTestType);
PyModule_AddObject(m, "Test", (PyObject*)&PyTestType);
return m;
}
其实我们已经看到了，我们用cpython来实现的话，调用的std::function一定是一个带状态的callable obj。至此，我们已经解决了问题1。
实际的方法就是在pybind11代码层，添加一个全局静态变量进行转换，参考如下代码(重点查看PyCBWrapper相关的内容)：
#include <cstdio>
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#include <pybind11/functional.h>
#include <functional>
namespace py = pybind11;
typedef void(*CB)(int&);
class Test{
public:
void test(CB cb)
{
int i = 9999;
cb(i);
}
};
struct PyCBWrapper {
static std::function<void(int&)> py_cb;
static void trampoline(int& i) {
if (nullptr != py_cb)
PyCBWrapper::py_cb(i);
}
};
std::function<void(int&)> PyCBWrapper::py_cb = nullptr;
void test_cb(int& i)
{
printf("test_cb from cxx i = %d\n", i);
}
PYBIND11_MODULE(testpy, m) {
m.doc() = "pybind11 wrapper for testpy class";
py::class_<Test>(m, "Test")
.def(py::init<>(), "Constructor for the Test class")
.def("test", [](Test& self, std::function<void(int&)> callback) {
//... ...
auto cb = [callback](int&d){
callback(d);
};
int i = 8888;
cb(i);
PyCBWrapper::py_cb = callback;
// return self.test(cb);
return self.test(PyCBWrapper::trampoline);
});
}
问题2的这段代码会直接运行报错，堆栈如下
#0 __pthread_kill_implementation (no_tid=0, signo=6, threadid=<optimized out>) at ./nptl/pthread_kill.c:44
#1 __pthread_kill_internal (signo=6, threadid=<optimized out>) at ./nptl/pthread_kill.c:78
#2 __GI___pthread_kill (threadid=<optimized out>, signo=signo@entry=6) at ./nptl/pthread_kill.c:89
#3 0x00007ffff7c4527e in __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/posix/raise.c:26
#4 0x00007ffff7c288ff in __GI_abort () at ./stdlib/abort.c:79
#5 0x00000000004b1252 in ?? ()
#6 0x00000000004b2908 in _Py_FatalErrorFunc ()
#7 0x00000000004b2cd2 in ?? ()
#8 0x000000000060861e in ?? ()
#9 0x00000000006a6e93 in PyEval_AcquireThread ()
#10 0x00007ffff73b9d20 in pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire::gil_scoped_acquire (this=0x7fffffffd760) at /usr/include/pybind11/gil.h:82
#11 0x00007ffff73dd1b1 in pybind11::detail::type_caster<std::function<void (int&)>, void>::load(pybind11::handle, bool)::func_handle::~func_handle() (this=0xc49870, __in_chrg=<optimized out>)
at /usr/include/pybind11/functional.h:97
#12 0x00007ffff73dd324 in pybind11::detail::type_caster<std::function<void (int&)>, void>::load(pybind11::handle, bool)::func_wrapper::~func_wrapper() (this=0xc49870, __in_chrg=<optimized out>)
at /usr/include/pybind11/functional.h:103
#13 0x00007ffff73e0ff2 in std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<pybind11::detail::type_caster<std::function<void(int&)>, void>::load(pybind11::handle, bool)::func_wrapper>::_M_destroy (__victim=...)
at /usr/include/c++/13/bits/std_function.h:175
--Type <RET> for more, q to quit, c to continue without paging--
#14 0x00007ffff73e0ce4 in std::_Function_base::_Base_manager<pybind11::detail::type_caster<std::function<void(int&)>, void>::load(pybind11::handle, bool)::func_wrapper>::_M_manager (__dest=..., __source=...,
__op=std::__destroy_functor) at /usr/include/c++/13/bits/std_function.h:203
#15 0x00007ffff73e02aa in std::_Function_handler<void(int&), pybind11::detail::type_caster<std::function<void(int&)>, void>::load(pybind11::handle, bool)::func_wrapper>::_M_manager (__dest=..., __source=...,
__op=std::__destroy_functor) at /usr/include/c++/13/bits/std_function.h:282
#16 0x00007ffff73b62c1 in std::_Function_base::~_Function_base (this=0x7ffff73ff440 <PyCBWrapper::py_cb>, __in_chrg=<optimized out>) at /usr/include/c++/13/bits/std_function.h:244
#17 0x00007ffff73bff78 in std::function<void(int&)>::~function (this=0x7ffff73ff440 <PyCBWrapper::py_cb>, __in_chrg=<optimized out>) at /usr/include/c++/13/bits/std_function.h:334
#18 0x00007ffff7c47a76 in __run_exit_handlers (status=0, listp=<optimized out>, run_list_atexit=run_list_atexit@entry=true, run_dtors=run_dtors@entry=true) at ./stdlib/exit.c:108
#19 0x00007ffff7c47bbe in __GI_exit (status=<optimized out>) at ./stdlib/exit.c:138
#20 0x00007ffff7c2a1d1 in __libc_start_call_main (main=main@entry=0x518c60, argc=argc@entry=2, argv=argv@entry=0x7fffffffda28) at ../sysdeps/nptl/libc_start_call_main.h:74
#21 0x00007ffff7c2a28b in __libc_start_main_impl (main=0x518c60, argc=2, argv=0x7fffffffda28, init=<optimized out>, fini=<optimized out>, rtld_fini=<optimized out>, stack_end=0x7fffffffda18)
at ../csu/libc-start.c:360
#22 0x0000000000657b05 in _start ()
从堆栈分析可知，问题出在程序退出的时候，PyCBWrapper::py_cb（全局静态变量）析构的时候，这个时候其实python解释器已经退出了，再使用python解释器相关的资源，就会报错。这个其实就是问题3。由于从上面的例子可以知道，这个时候的PyCBWrapper::py_cb是一个捕获了python函数的PyObject的std::function，那么解决方案也很简单，那就是在上面的pybind11代码层中添加如下核心代码：
PYBIND11_MODULE(testpy, m) {
m.doc() = "pybind11 wrapper for testpy class";
py::class_<Test>(m, "Test")
.def(py::init<>(), "Constructor for the Test class")
.def("test", [](Test& self, std::function<void(int&)> callback) {
//... ...
auto cb = [callback](int&d){
callback(d);
};
int i = 8888;
cb(i);
PyCBWrapper::py_cb = callback;
// return self.test(cb);
self.test(PyCBWrapper::trampoline);
// 核心代码
PyCBWrapper::py_cb = nullptr;
return;
});
}
这里的核心就是将PyCBWrapper::py_cb = nullptr;置为空，保证pyobject变量在python解释器还正常的工作时候进行析构。问题3解决，完结散花。
其实在了解了cpython转换python函数为std::function的细节，解决这些奇怪的问题还是很简单的。
在AI的帮助下，解决这些问题只需要有方向即可，验证时间及方法已经非常的快了。
PS: 请尊重原创，不喜勿喷。
PS: 要转载请注明出处，本人版权所有。
PS: 有问题请留言，看到后我会第一时间回复。
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