Most of us have the same idea about what defines a good listener: She makes warm eye contact. He nods at all the right moments. She reflects your feelings back in a soft, non-judgmental voice; he doesn’t check his phone once.

But wait until you hear this: That person is, according to one of the leading researchers in the field of listening, the product of cultural fiction.

“Good listening is a myth,” says Graham Bodie, a professor of media and communication at the University of Mississippi who researches how people listen, understand, and respond to others. “The idea that there’s one universal set of behaviors that everybody ought to enact, or one way that everybody ought to listen” is an illusion, he argues.

Bodie has spent his career pushing back on the tidy “active-listening” checklists that show up in workplace trainings and relationship-advice columns: maintain eye contact, nod, paraphrase, ask open-ended questions, don’t interrupt. It’s not bad advice, he says. The problem is treating those behaviors as a universal prescription—as if being a good listener were a pose you could hold, rather than a judgment call you have to make in real time.

The real question, he argues, isn’t whether you’re a good listener.  It's whether you're listening the right way in any given conversation.

You're listening—just not the way they want

Most arguments about listening aren’t really about whether someone was paying attention, Bodie says. They’re about a mismatch between what the speaker wanted and what the listener offered.

“When we evaluate people as good or bad listeners, we use a particular schema of what we believe constitutes good listening,” he says. “And if that doesn’t match what the other person is doing, we get into these weird arguments. ‘You’re not listening to me.’ ‘Yes, I am.’ ‘No, you’re not.’”

He offers a familiar example: Your partner comes home from work upset about something that happened with a colleague. Your instinct is to jump into problem-solving mode. You think you’re being a great listener—but they think you’re being dismissive.

“Advice is a precarious proposition,” Bodie says. “When someone gives us advice, it tells us that we can’t handle the problem ourselves. And we don’t like not being able to handle the problem ourselves.” Sometimes, the person just wants to vent as you support and comfort them.

Analytical people run into this scenario all the time. People who default to a scrutinizing, question-heavy mode—“where’s your source?” “prove it”—are often labeled cold or combative. But Bodie says they may be listening perfectly well, just not in the mode the speaker wanted in that moment. “Am I a bad listener because I want you to tell me that you’re saying things from a credible source?” he says. “Or am I just listening in a way that doesn’t match what you think you need?”

Pay attention to what they’re reaching for

If there’s no universal good listener, how do you figure out how to listen well? Bodie says it comes down to one simple, obvious instruction: Pay attention to the words the other person is actually using.

“What is the person saying?” he says. “What are the phrases they’re repeating? What seems to be important to them?” Then mirror and match that. If someone is reaching for emotional language—“I feel,” or “I’m so frustrated”—they probably want you to double down on emotion. If they’re talking in facts and figures, they’d likely prefer for you to engage with the data. Defaulting to one mode across every conversation is how well-intentioned listeners miss the mark.

If you know the person you're talking to well enough, Bodie says, it's perfectly fine to ask: “I want to be the most useful partner here. What is it that you need from me?”

Most of us have a default mode—analytical, advice-giving, emotional, distracted—and we run it on everyone, all the time, Bodie says. Then we wonder why the people we love keep telling us they don’t feel heard. The fix isn’t a better performance of listening, he argues. It’s paying better attention.