With spring in full swing, it’s time to go shopping for plants. While adding to or creating a garden has obvious green credentials, some plants are more sustainable than others.

Whether it’s hidden peat, throwaway plants, high water and energy use, transport emissions or plastic pots that can’t be recycled, here’s what to avoid – and what is better to buy instead – for a truly sustainable plot.

How to buy plants sustainably

Buy once

The right plant in the right spot will survive and thrive. Before you shop, take into account light, humidity, and either room temperature indoors or soil and aspect outside – to avoid waste and repeated buys. Popular plants for sunny, south-facing gardens include dianthus (Dianthus carthusianorum, carthusian pink) tulbaghia (Tulbaghia violacea, society garlic) and salvias (Salvia “Nachtvlinder”, sage). Ferns, Solomon’s seal and the ornamental grass Luzula nivea are great in shadier, north-facing spaces.

Luzula nivea, 9cm pot

Salvia ‘Nachtvlinder’, 9cm pot

Tulbaghia violacea, 9cm pot

Avoid black plastic pots

The black plastic pots that often come with plants can’t be recycled (although, as of March, non-black, recyclable PP, PET and PE plastic pots – they’re usually grey – can go into your household, kerbside recycling, depending on where you live).

Instead, look for alternatives, such as biodegradable coir pots. Coir is a renewable waste product, and pots made from it can be planted directly into the soil with the plant. The roots grow through the walls of the pot, which naturally breaks down over time.

The Hairy Plant Pot Company offers a range of plants in “hairy” coir pots, such as Polemonium “Bressingham Purple” (Jacob’s ladder), Salvia “Caradonna” and Nepeta “Six Hill’s Giant” (catmint), as well as a selection of herbs, only available at garden centres nationwide.

Before plastic pots were commonplace, perennials were sold pot-free; some retailers offer perennial bare-root plants, which often come packaged in paper.

“When people buy a plant, it’s lifted from the stock bed, the roots are washed of all soil, and it’s wrapped in newspaper,” says Ben Preston of Cliff Bank Nursery, which specialises in perennials and grasses.

Salvia nemorosa ‘Caradonna’, 1L

Hairy Pot herbs, bundle of six

Choose plants that last

Skip “bedding” plants, which are resource-hungry and, like fast fashion, designed to be disposable. Instead, opt for perennials, shrubs and trees that return year after year. Agastache, heleniums, anemones, astrantia, gaura, sanguisorba and achilleas – as well as shrubs and small trees, such as correa and Amelanchier (snowy mespilus) – are all beautiful and sustainable choices with pretty flowers and interesting foliage. If you want annuals like cosmos, calendulas, petunias and sunflowers, grow them yourself from seed.

Gaura lindheimeri ‘the Bride’, 3 x 9cm pots

Snowy mespilus (Amelanchier lamarckii), 30L

Start small

A small plant in a small (9cm) pot establishes more reliably and easily in the garden than a large plant of the same variety, and will require less watering.

“Smaller plants experience less transplant stress, so they settle in quickly and extend their roots into the soil more easily,” says award-winning garden designer Pollyanna Wilkinson.

One good sousing with a full can of water when a small plant first goes into the soil will set it up for life. Larger plants need weeks of watering, especially in summer.

Anemone x hybrida ‘Honorine Jobert’, 9cm pot

Watch out for peat

The extraction of peat destroys peatland, damaging habitats and ecosystems, and releasing stored carbon. Fortunately, garden centres, DIY and online stores stopped selling peat compost a few years ago, but 60% of the plants sold in the UK still begin life as peat-grown plug plants. Track down nurseries that are 100% peat-free on the RHS website, which includes brick-and-mortar and online shops. Alternatively, buy from an independent nursery, such as Great Dixter or Special Plants, which grows all its own plants on site.

Geranium ‘Patricia’ AGM, 1L

Bulbine frutescens ‘Avera Sunset Orange’, pack of three divisions

For more tips, read our guide to creating a nature-friendly garden

Buy online

Buying plants online is a great car-free option, especially if you can consolidate purchases into as few deliveries as possible. Minimal packaging is key, especially if it’s compostable or recyclable, including the parcel tape and label. Crocus offers a comprehensive selection of trend-led plants in cardboard packaging. Beth Chatto Nursery sells plants individually wrapped in newspaper.

For more, read our guide to the best places to buy plants online, according to top gardeners

Buy plants as seeds

If you’re planning to buy annuals or edibles such as tomatoes, which complete their lifecycle in a year, buying them as seeds is the most sustainable choice.

“Seeds are lightweight to transport, require minimal packaging, and a large number of plants can be raised from a single packet,” says Sally Redhead, the co-owner of Chiltern Seeds.

A seed will adapt to your soil from the moment it germinates, leading to a robust, healthy plant, and it’s a fantastic way to access a greater choice of varieties. Try the tomato Costoluto Fiorentino, a delicious Italian variety that copes well with British weather and Scabiosa atropurpurea “Snowmaiden”, which has gorgeous, white pincushion flowers.

For seed sowing, I like wool pots. They’re natural and compostable, and are made from waste wool, supporting British farmers.

Beef tomato, ‘Costoluto Fiorentino’, packet of 75 seeds

Wool pots, pack of 10

Pick perennial bulbs

If you missed the autumn bulb-planting window and are buying bulbs in containers for a hit of glorious late spring colour, choose perennial bulbs that will flower again in future years. Most tulips are annuals and flower just once, but varieties such as Spring Green, Green Mile and Artist tulips (identifiable by the green stripe on their petals) are reliably perennial. Alliums and fritillarias are also lovely options and long lived. They work well in planted containers.

Allium angulosum ‘Summer Beauty’, 2L

Fritillaria meleagris ‘Snake’s head fritillary’

And finally … ask questions

The illegal, wild collection and trade of indoor plants is a conservation issue. Always buy houseplants from reputable shops, garden centres and online stores that can tell you where the plant has come from.

“Luckily, we’re now in a position where most readily available indoor plants aren’t poached, but there are a few species which are massively affected,” says Tony Le-Britton of Not Another Jungle in Battersea, London. Try Grow Urban, which specialises in bringing all things botanical to city dwellers, or the Glasshouse, an initiative that promotes environmentally and socially responsible growing. The latter sells houseplants propagated in the UK by female prisoners approaching release, equipping them with horticulture and retail skills and assuring the provenance of the plants.

Pilea ‘Chinese Money plant’, with 12cm pot and tray

Oxalis ‘Plum Crazy’

For more outdoor inspiration from the Filter, read our test of the best secateurs and how to make your garden tools last longer

Lucy Bellamy is a gardening journalist with a small city garden and a decade-long connection to the world of garden design. If she isn’t outdoors with her hands in the soil, befriending slugs, judging tulips, hunting down the best plants or preventing her border terrier from digging in her pots, she is indoors thinking about gardening