Key Findings:

• 92% of organizations are concerned about ransomware attacks due to VPN vulnerabilities
• 93% of organizations fear backdoor vulnerabilities from third-party VPN connections
• 81% of organizations are adopting or planning to adopt zero trust within the next year

Zscaler, Inc. (NASDAQ: ZS), the leader in cloud security, today published the Zscaler ThreatLabz 2025 VPN Risk Report, commissioned by Cybersecurity Insiders, which highlights the widespread security, user experience and operational challenges posed by VPN services. The findings are based on insights from a survey of 600+ IT and security professionals. The results are stark: maintaining security and compliance is the single largest challenge (56%) facing enterprises using VPNs today. Meanwhile, the risks of supply chain attacks and ransomware are top of mind for these companies with 92% of respondents concerned that persistent VPN vulnerabilities will lead to ransomware attacks. These combined risks have culminated in a profound shift in thinking around enterprise VPNs with 65% of organizations planning to replace their VPNs within the year — while 81% plan to implement a zero trust everywhere strategy.

Initially built for remote access, VPNs have become a liability for corporate networks, exposing IT assets and sensitive data due to over-privileged access, vulnerabilities, and an ever-growing attack surface. VPN, both physical and virtual, is opposite of Zero Trust as by architecture it brings the remote users as well as attackers on the network. Additionally, VPNs hinder operational efficiency with slow performance, frequent connection issues, and complex maintenance, burdening IT teams and disrupting employee productivity. The report aims to shed light on these concerns with trusted insights from industry peers, while arming enterprises with guidance to enable secure access across today's hybrid work environments.

“Attackers will increasingly leverage AI for automated reconnaissance, intelligent password spraying, and rapid exploit development, allowing them to compromise VPNs at scale,” said Deepen Desai, CSO at Zscaler. "To address these risks, organizations should shift to a Zero Trust everywhere approach. This approach eliminates the need for internet-exposed assets like VPNs (physical and virtual), while drastically reducing the attack surface and potential impact of breaches. It’s encouraging to see that 81% of organizations are planning to implement Zero Trust within the next year—a critical step in mitigating the security risks posed by legacy technologies like VPNs."

The rise of critical, scannable VPN vulnerabilities
To understand how attackers exploit vulnerabilities in internet-connected VPN infrastructure, ThreatLabz also analyzed VPN Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) from 2020-2025, based on data from the MITRE CVE Program. In general, vulnerability reporting is a good thing, as rapid vulnerability disclosure and patching helps the entire ecosystem improve cyber hygiene, foster community collaboration, and quickly respond to new vectors of attack. No type of software is immune from vulnerabilities, nor should it be expected to be.

Over the sample period, VPN CVEs grew by 82.5% (note that early 2025 data has been removed for this portion of the analysis). In the past year, roughly 60% of the vulnerabilities indicated a high or critical CVSS score — indicating a potentially serious risk to impacted organizations. Moreover, ThreatLabz found that vulnerabilities enabling remote code execution (RCE) were the most prevalent kind, in terms of the impact or capabilities they can grant to attackers. These types of vulnerabilities are typically serious, as they can grant attackers the ability to execute arbitrary code on the system. Put another way, far from being innocuous, the bulk of VPN CVEs are leaving their customers vulnerable to critical exploits that attackers can, and often do, exploit. 

Unwelcome party guests
VPNs provide broad access following authentication, extending user access to contractors, external partners and vendors. While great in theory connectivity tools, attackers can easily exploit weak or stolen credentials, misconfigurations, and unpatched vulnerabilities to compromise these trusted connections. The report shows, 93% of organizations now worry about backdoor vulnerabilities stemming from third-party access. In February 2024, a financial services company suffered a data breach exposing nearly 20,000 clients' personal information, caused by vulnerabilities in their VPN. This incident highlights how VPNs create exploitable entry points into corporate networks. 

Out with the old, in with the new - Zero Trust Everywhere
Legacy or traditional vendors are attempting to adapt to the evolving landscape by deploying virtual machines in the cloud and labeling them as Zero Trust solutions. Unfortunately, a VPN hosted in the cloud remains, at its core, a VPN and does not adhere to true Zero Trust principles. Illustrating this point, the industry has recently witnessed massive spikes in scanning activity targeting tens of thousands of publicly searchable VPN IP addresses hosted by at least one of the largest security vendors. Historically, this kind of activity has indicated some likelihood that attackers may be preparing to exploit yet-to-be-disclosed vulnerabilities in targeted VPN assets. Case in point: if you are reachable, you are breachable — which is why, from an architectural perspective, cloud-based VPN technology can never achieve true zero trust principles, no matter the branding.

The switch to a holistic Zero Trust architecture is rapidly gaining momentum and replacing outdated legacy security tools due to the proven security benefits and efficiency gains for adopting organizations. The report found 81% of organizations are adopting, or planning to adopt, a Zero Trust architecture within the next year and by extending this architecture to users, applications and workloads, enterprises are ensuring that Zero Trust is truly everywhere enabling VPN-free resilient security that:

1. Minimizes the Attack Surface: Replaces network-based access with Zero Trust policies and identity-based controls to secure users and third parties.
2. Blocks Threats: Prevents initial compromise through robust authentication, identity security, and least-privileged Zero Trust Access.
3. Prevents Lateral Movement: Uses Zero Trust segmentation to contain threats and stop unauthorized spread within networks.
4. Enhances Data Security: Enforces context-aware, integrated Zero Trust policies to protect sensitive information.
5. Simplifies Operations: Replaces VPNs with AI-driven security, continuous monitoring, and automated policy enforcement, in addition to uninterrupted access with business continuity.

By adopting these best practices, organizations can replace VPN security risks with a robust Zero Trust framework, enabling continuous verification, least-privileged access, and proactive threat prevention.

Download the ThreatLabz 2025 VPN Risk Report
Download the full version of the 2025 VPN Risk Report here for more information about security inefficiencies that highlight the inherent flaws of traditional VPNs, and the need for Zero Trust.

Research Methodology
This report is based on a comprehensive survey of 632 IT and cybersecurity professionals conducted by Cybersecurity Insiders. The study examines VPN security risks, enterprise access trends, and the adoption of zero trust architectures. Respondents include executives, IT security practitioners, and network infrastructure leaders across various industries. The findings provide a data-driven perspective on the decline of VPNs and the shift to zero trust, offering critical insights for organizations modernizing their access security strategies.

About ThreatLabz
ThreatLabz is the security research arm of Zscaler. This world-class team is responsible for hunting new threats and ensuring that the thousands of organizations using the global Zscaler platform are always protected. In addition to malware research and behavioral analysis, team members are involved in the research and development of new prototype modules for advanced threat protection on the Zscaler platform, and regularly conduct internal security audits to ensure that Zscaler products and infrastructure meet security compliance standards. ThreatLabz regularly publishes in-depth analyses of new and emerging threats on its portal, research.zscaler.com.