In 2021, a breakthrough in sanitation technology—developed under the Gates Foundation’s “Reinvent the Toilet” challenge—stood ready for commercialization. The Single User Reinvented Toilet (SURT) offered an off-grid, self-contained system capable of processing waste, generating water, and reducing environmental impact. Turning this technical success into a viable product, however, meant confronting intertwined challenges around behavior change, infrastructure compatibility, financing models, and stakeholder incentives. Against this backdrop, engineer Dr. Shannon Yee and his team faced a tough decision about SURT’s path to market: pilot the technology independently in a developing market, license it to appliance firms, or tailor it for government or military procurement. Each path entailed distinct strategic, operational, and ethical implications for how a technology designed to serve the world’s most underserved populations would scale.

Harvard Business School Assistant Professor Maria Roche and SURT engineer Dr. Shannon Yee join Brian Kenny to discuss the case “Toilets for the Underserved: The SURT Commercialization Challenge” and the central question of how to launch and then scale a technology particularly important for underserved markets, but not a lucrative short term investment opportunity.