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Theoretical Limits of Language Model Alignment $f$-Divergence Regularized RLHF: Two Tales of Sampling and Unified Analyses A Unified Measure-Theoretic View of Diffusion, Score-Based, and Flow Matching Generative Models When Can Voting Help, Hurt, or Change Course? Exact Structure of Binary Test-Time Aggregation When Semantic Communication Meets Queueing: Cross-Layer Latency and Task Fidelity Optimization Convexity in Disguise: A Theoretical Framework for Nonconvex Low-Rank Matrix Estimation Conditional Diffusion Under Linear Constraints: Langevin Mixing and Information-Theoretic Guarantees Sharp Capacity Thresholds in Linear Associative Memory: From Winner-Take-All to Listwise Retrieval Expert Routing for Communication-Efficient MoE via Finite Expert Banks Contextual Memory-Enhanced Source Coding for Low-SNR Communications Realizable Bayes-Consistency for General Metric Losses Leveraging Code Automorphisms for Improved Syndrome-Based Neural Decoding A Hierarchical Sampling Framework for bounding the Generalization Error of Federated Learning Dueling DDQN-Based Adaptive Multi-Objective Handover Optimization for LEO Satellite Networks The Causal Description Gap: Information-Theoretic Separations Across Pearl's Hierarchy Optimization of CV-QKD Under Practical Constraints Benchmarking Wireless Representations: High-Dimensional vs. Compressed Embeddings for Efficiency and Robustness Real-Time Text Transmission via LLM-Based Entropy Coding over Fixed-Rate Channels SwiftChannel: Algorithm-Hardware Co-Design for Deep Learning-Based 5G Channel Estimation Evolving Token Communication with Parametric Memory Network Remote Action Generation: Remote Control with Minimal Communication The (Marginal) Value of a Search Ad: An Online Causal Framework for Repeated Second-price Auctions Stabilizing Private LASSO under Heterogeneous Covariates via Anisotropic Objective Perturbation Linear-Readout Floors and Threshold Recovery in Computation in Superposition Soft Graph Diffusion Transformer for MIMO Detection Hierarchical Federated Learning for Networked AI: From Communication Saving to Architecture-Aware Design Exponential families from a single KL identity MIFair: A Mutual-Information Framework for Intersectionality and Multiclass Fairness Diffusion-OAMP for Joint Image Compression and Wireless Transmission Decoupled Descent: Exact Test Error Tracking Via Approximate Message Passing
MichelangeRoll: Sculpting Rational Distributions Exactly ...
Jui-Hsiang Shao, Hsin-Po Wang · 2025-07-02 · via cs.IT updates on arXiv.org

Simulating an arbitrary discrete distribution $D \in [0, 1]^n$ using fair coin tosses incurs trade-offs between entropy complexity and space and time complexity. Shannon's theory suggests that $H(D)$ tosses are necessary and sufficient, but does not guarantee exact distribution. Knuth and Yao showed that a decision tree consumes fewer than $H(D) + 2$ tosses for one exact sample. Draper and Saad's recent work addresses the space and time aspect, showing that $H(D) + 2$ tosses, $O(n \log(n) \log(m))$ memory, and $O(H(D))$ operations are all it costs, where $m$ is the common denominator of the probability masses in $D$ and $n$ is the number of possible outcomes. In this paper, MichelangeRoll recycles leftover entropy to break the "$+2$" barrier. With $O((n + 1/\varepsilon) \log(m/\varepsilon))$ memory, the entropy cost of generating a ongoing sequence of $D$ is reduced to $H(D) + \varepsilon$ per sample.