In this paper, we consider the mismatched rate-distortion problem, in which the encoding is done using a codebook, and the encoder chooses the minimum-distortion codeword according to a mismatched distortion function that differs from the true one. For the case of discrete memoryless sources, we establish achievable rate-distortion bounds using multi-user coding techniques, namely, superposition coding and expurgated parallel coding. We study examples where these attain the matched rate-distortion trade-off but a standard ensemble with independent codewords fails to do so. On the other hand, in contrast with the channel coding counterpart, we show that there are cases where structured random codebooks can perform worse than their unstructured counterparts. In addition, in view of the difficulties in adapting the existing and above-mentioned results to general alphabets, we consider a simpler i.i.d. random coding ensemble, and establish its achievable rate-distortion bounds for general alphabets.