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cs.IT updates on arXiv.org

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Diversity vs Degrees of Freedom in Gaussian Fading Channels
Mahesh Godavarti · 2026-02-16 · via cs.IT updates on arXiv.org

The standard definitions of degrees of freedom (DOF) and diversity both normalize by $\logρ$. When this ruler is wrong, both measurements give zero or become undefined, yet intuitively DOF and diversity ought to be channel properties, not artifacts of a normalization choice. We formalize this for Gaussian fading channels. For fixed-$H$ MIMO, DOF and diversity are both ranks of the bilinear map~$HX$ with different variables free: $\varepsilon$-covering the image of~$X\!\mapsto\!HX$ gives DOF on the $\logρ$ gauge; expanding across all dimensions of the fading map gives diversity on the linear~$ρ$ gauge. Covering produces logs; expansion produces linear growth; so in every model studied here the two gauges differ. These geometric definitions do not yield tradeoff curves. We bridge the gap with Bhattacharyya packing, obtaining gauge-DOF and B-diversity as workable proxies -- finite and informative on every gauge, including those where the classical diversity order is zero. Three gauge classes emerge: $\logρ$, $\log\logρ$, and $(\logρ)^β$, $β\in(0,1)$. The main result is a cross-gauge tradeoff for noncoherent fast fading: capacity lives on $\log\logρ$, but B-diversity lives on $\logρ$, exponentially larger, with matching upper and lower bounds. For coherent MIMO, block fading, and irregular-spectrum channels, the same approach recovers or extends known scaling laws.