In this paper, for an odd prime power $q$, we extend the construction of Xie et al. \cite{XOYM2023} to propose two classes of linear codes $\mathcal{C}_{Q}$ and $\mathcal{C}_{Q}'$ over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ with at most four nonzero weights. These codes are derived from quadratic forms through a bivariate construction. We completely determine their complete weight enumerators and weight hierarchies by employing exponential sums. Most of these codes are minimal and some are optimal in the sense that they meet the Griesmer bound. Furthermore, we also establish the weight hierarchies of $\mathcal{C}_{Q,N}$ and $\mathcal{C}_{Q,N}'$, which are the descended codes of $\mathcal{C}_{Q}$ and $\mathcal{C}_{Q}'$.