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Theoretical Limits of Language Model Alignment $f$-Divergence Regularized RLHF: Two Tales of Sampling and Unified Analyses A Unified Measure-Theoretic View of Diffusion, Score-Based, and Flow Matching Generative Models When Can Voting Help, Hurt, or Change Course? Exact Structure of Binary Test-Time Aggregation When Semantic Communication Meets Queueing: Cross-Layer Latency and Task Fidelity Optimization Convexity in Disguise: A Theoretical Framework for Nonconvex Low-Rank Matrix Estimation Conditional Diffusion Under Linear Constraints: Langevin Mixing and Information-Theoretic Guarantees Sharp Capacity Thresholds in Linear Associative Memory: From Winner-Take-All to Listwise Retrieval Expert Routing for Communication-Efficient MoE via Finite Expert Banks Contextual Memory-Enhanced Source Coding for Low-SNR Communications Realizable Bayes-Consistency for General Metric Losses Leveraging Code Automorphisms for Improved Syndrome-Based Neural Decoding A Hierarchical Sampling Framework for bounding the Generalization Error of Federated Learning Dueling DDQN-Based Adaptive Multi-Objective Handover Optimization for LEO Satellite Networks The Causal Description Gap: Information-Theoretic Separations Across Pearl's Hierarchy Optimization of CV-QKD Under Practical Constraints Benchmarking Wireless Representations: High-Dimensional vs. Compressed Embeddings for Efficiency and Robustness SwiftChannel: Algorithm-Hardware Co-Design for Deep Learning-Based 5G Channel Estimation Evolving Token Communication with Parametric Memory Network Remote Action Generation: Remote Control with Minimal Communication The (Marginal) Value of a Search Ad: An Online Causal Framework for Repeated Second-price Auctions Stabilizing Private LASSO under Heterogeneous Covariates via Anisotropic Objective Perturbation Linear-Readout Floors and Threshold Recovery in Computation in Superposition Soft Graph Diffusion Transformer for MIMO Detection Hierarchical Federated Learning for Networked AI: From Communication Saving to Architecture-Aware Design Exponential families from a single KL identity MIFair: A Mutual-Information Framework for Intersectionality and Multiclass Fairness Diffusion-OAMP for Joint Image Compression and Wireless Transmission Decoupled Descent: Exact Test Error Tracking Via Approximate Message Passing Why Self-Supervised Encoders Want to Be Normal
Real-Time Text Transmission via LLM-Based Entropy Coding ...
Vishnu Teja Kunde, Jean-Francois Chamberland, Krishna R. Narayan · 2026-05-04 · via cs.IT updates on arXiv.org

Learning, prediction, and compression are intimately connected: a model that accurately predicts the next symbol in a sequence can be coupled with a source coder to compress that sequence near its information-theoretic limit. When tokenized characters arriving at a fixed reading pace are encoded into variable-length codewords and streamed over a fixed-rate channel, a queue forms whose per-token delay depends on the mean and variance of the bit lengths and on the coder's algorithmic latency. This paper investigates the compression--delay tradeoff that arises when a causal language model serves as the sequential predictor within a predict-then-code architecture for real-time text transmission. Several coding schemes are compared: Shannon (ideal), Huffman, arithmetic coding, rANS at various block sizes, and gzip. The analysis separates algorithmic delay, inherent to the coder, from computational delay, which shrinks as hardware improves. Huffman is the practical choice for over-provisioned channels, with zero algorithmic delay and modest compression overhead. Arithmetic coding achieves near-optimal compression at the cost of decodability delay. Findings are validated across two scales: GPT-2 (124M) and Llama~3.2 (3B), a twenty-five-fold parameter range. This scaling yields an approximately 38\% reduction in bits per character, effectively over-provisioning the channel and thereby changing which coder is optimal.