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eess.SP updates on arXiv.org

ECG-biometrics-bench: A Unified Framework for Reproducible Benchmarking of ECG Biometrics Physiology-Aware Masked Cross-Modal Reconstruction for Biosignal Representation Learning Towards Improving Speaker Distance Estimation through Generative Impulse Response Augmentation Federated Learning with Hypergradient-based Online Update of Aggregation Weights Soft Graph Diffusion Transformer for MIMO Detection SPLICE: Latent Diffusion over JEPA Embeddings for Conformal Time-Series Inpainting Sequential Inference for Gaussian Processes: A Signal Processing Perspective Statistical Channel Fingerprint Construction for Massive MIMO: A Unified Tensor Learning Framework Recent Advances in mm-Wave and Sub-THz/THz Oscillators for FutureG Technologies Cross-Subject Generalization for EEG Decoding: A Survey of Deep Learning Methods Super-resolution Multi-signal Direction-of-Arrival Estimation by Hankel-structured Sensing and Decomposition Hankel and Toeplitz Rank-1 Decomposition of Arbitrary Matrices with Applications to Signal Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Adaptive Transform Coding for Semantic Compression EdgeSpike: Spiking Neural Networks for Low-Power Autonomous Sensing in Edge IoT Architectures Sparse Graph Learning from Sparse Data via Fiedler Number Maximization A Deep Learning Model for Battery State Prediction towards Intelligent Energy Management Transfer Learning for Tonal Noise Prediction in VRF Units Using Thermodynamic and Vibration Signals EVT-Based Generative AI for Tail-Aware Channel Estimation Monitoring exposure-length variations in submarine power cables using distributed fiber-optic sensing BandRouteNet: An Adaptive Band Routing Neural Network for EEG Artifact Removal Phase-Separated Complex Hilbert PCA on Markerless 3D Pose Estimation Data: A Global Phase Network and Its Extension to a Continuous Field on the Body Surface Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation for Ground Reaction Force Estimation Deep Learning-Enabled Dissolved Oxygen Sensing in Biofouling Environments for Ocean Monitoring Speech Enhancement Based on Drifting Models Robust and Clinically Reliable EEG Biomarkers: A Cross Population Framework for Generalizable Parkinson's Disease Detection An AI-Based Supervisory Measurement Integrity Validation Layer for Cyber-Resilient AC/DC Protection in Inverter-Based Microgrids Explainable AI in Speaker Recognition -- Making Latent Representations Understandable Time-Localized Parametric Decomposition of Respiratory Airflow for Sub-Breath Analysis NAKUL-Med: Spectral-Graph State Space Models with Dynamics Kernels for Medical Signals An Algorithm for On-Sensor Agnostic Detection of Changes in Human Activity for Ultra-Low-Power Applications
When Near Becomes Far: From Rayleigh to Optimal Near-Fiel...
Sajad Daei, Gabor Fodor, Mikael Skoglund · 2025-05-13 · via eess.SP updates on arXiv.org

The transition toward 6G is pushing wireless communication into a regime where the classical plane-wave assumption no longer holds. Millimeter-wave and sub-THz frequencies shrink wavelengths to millimeters, while meter-scale arrays featuring hundreds of antenna elements dramatically enlarge the aperture. Together, these trends collapse the classical Rayleigh far-field boundary from kilometers to mere single-digit meters. Consequently, most practical 6G indoor, vehicular, and industrial deployments will inherently operate within the radiating near-field, where reliance on the plane-wave approximation leads to severe array-gain losses, degraded localization accuracy, and excessive pilot overhead. This paper re-examines the fundamental question: \emph{``Where does the far-field truly begin?''} Rather than adopting purely geometric definitions, we introduce an application-oriented approach based on user-defined error budgets and a rigorous Fresnel-zone analysis that fully accounts for both amplitude and phase curvature. We propose three practical mismatch metrics: worst-case element mismatch, worst-case normalized mean square error, and spectral efficiency loss. For each metric, we derive a provably optimal transition distance--the minimal range beyond which mismatch permanently remains below a given tolerance--and provide closed-form solutions. Extensive numerical evaluations across diverse frequencies and antenna-array dimensions show that our proposed thresholds can exceed the Rayleigh distance by more than an order of magnitude. By transforming the near-field from a design nuisance into a precise, quantifiable tool, our results provide a clear roadmap for enabling reliable and resource-efficient near-field communications and sensing in emerging 6G systems.