This paper investigates the sensing of user's uplink channel and location in terahertz extra-large reconfigurable intelligent surface (XL-RIS) systems, where the unique hybrid far-near field effect and the beam squint effect caused by the XL array aperture as well as the XL bandwidth are overcome. Specifically, we first propose a joint channel and location sensing scheme, which consists of a location-assisted generalized multiple measurement vector orthogonal matching pursuit (LA-GMMV-OMP) algorithm for channel estimation (CE) and a complete dictionary based localization (CDL) scheme, where a frequency selective polar-domain redundant dictionary is proposed to overcome the hybrid field beam squint effect. The CE module outputs coarse on-grid angle estimation (respectively observed from the BS and RIS) to the localization module, which returns the fine off-grid angle estimation to improve CE. Particularly, with RIS, CDL can obtain user's location via line intersection, and a polar-domain gradient descent (PGD) algorithm at the base station is proposed to achieve the off-grid angle estimation with super-resolution accuracy. Additionally, to further reduce the sensing overhead, we propose a partial dictionary-based localization scheme, which is decoupled from CE, where RIS is served as an anchor to lock the user on the hyperbola according to time difference of arrival and the user's off-grid location can be obtained by using the proposed PGD algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the two proposed localization schemes and the proposed CE scheme over state-of-the-art baseline approaches.