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Abstract:Blind beamforming has emerged as a promising approach to configure reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) without relying on channel state information (CSI) or geometric models, making it directly compatible with commodity hardware. In this paper, we propose a new blind beamforming algorithm, so-called Blind Optimal RIS Beamforming with Sensing (\textsc{BORN}), that operates using only received signal strength (RSS). In contrast to existing methods that rely on majority-voting mechanisms, \textsc{BORN} exploits the intrinsic quadratic structure of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The algorithm proceeds in two stages: \emph{sensing}, where a quadratic model is estimated from RSS measurements, and \emph{optimization}, where the RIS configuration is obtained using the estimated quadratic model. Our novelties are twofold. Firstly, we show for the first time, that \textsc{BORN} can achieve provable near-optimal performance using only $O(N \log_2(N))$ samples, where $N$ is the number of RIS elements. As a by-product of our analysis, we show that quadratic models are learnable under Rademacher feature distributions when the second-order coefficient matrix is low-rank. This result, to our knowledge, has not been established in prior matrix sensing literature. Secondly, extensive simulations and real-world field tests demonstrate that \textsc{BORN} achieves near-optimal performance, substantially outperforming state-of-the-art blind beamforming algorithms, particularly in scenarios with a weak background channel such as non-line-of-sight (NLOS).

Submission history

From: Son Dinh-Van [view email]
[v1] Fri, 7 Nov 2025 10:27:23 UTC (3,111 KB)
[v2] Thu, 20 Aug 2026 10:41:51 UTC (4,643 KB)