The incidence rate of voice diseases is increasing year by year. The use of software for remote diagnosis is a technical development trend and has important practical value. Among voice diseases, common diseases that cause hoarseness include spasmodic dysphonia, vocal cord paralysis, vocal nodule, and vocal cord polyp. This paper presents a voice disease detection method that can be applied in a wide range of clinical. We cooperated with Xiangya Hospital of Central South University to collect voice samples from sixty-one different patients. The Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) parameters are extracted as input features to describe the voice in the form of data. An innovative model combining MFCC parameters and single convolution layer CNN is proposed for fast calculation and classification. The highest accuracy we achieved was 92%, it is fully ahead of the original research results and internationally advanced. And we use Advanced Voice Function Assessment Databases (AVFAD) to evaluate the generalization ability of the method we proposed, which achieved an accuracy rate of 98%. Experiments on clinical and standard datasets show that for the pathological detection of voice diseases, our method has greatly improved in accuracy and computational efficiency.