惯性聚合 高效追踪和阅读你感兴趣的博客、新闻、科技资讯
阅读原文 在惯性聚合中打开

推荐订阅源

腾讯CDC
OSCHINA 社区最新新闻
OSCHINA 社区最新新闻
博客园 - Franky
博客园_首页
让小产品的独立变现更简单 - ezindie.com
让小产品的独立变现更简单 - ezindie.com
IT之家
IT之家
The Cloudflare Blog
V
Visual Studio Blog
罗磊的独立博客
T
Tailwind CSS Blog
S
SegmentFault 最新的问题
Hugging Face - Blog
Hugging Face - Blog
V
V2EX
阮一峰的网络日志
阮一峰的网络日志
D
Docker
Last Week in AI
Last Week in AI
B
Blog RSS Feed
C
Check Point Blog
J
Java Code Geeks
The GitHub Blog
The GitHub Blog
有赞技术团队
有赞技术团队
博客园 - 聂微东
MongoDB | Blog
MongoDB | Blog
雷峰网
雷峰网

math.ST updates on arXiv.org

What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Learning Perturbations to Extrapolate Your LLM Byzantine-Robust Distributed Sparse Learning Revisited The Sample Complexity of Multiple Change Point Identification under Bandit Feedback A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling Model-based Bootstrap of Controlled Markov Chains Approximation of Maximally Monotone Operators : A Graph Convergence Perspective Posterior Contraction Rates for Sparse Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks in Anisotropic Besov Spaces MIST: Reliable Streaming Decision Trees for Online Class-Incremental Learning via McDiarmid Bound A Spectral Framework for Closed-Form Relative Density Estimation Fast Rates for Offline Contextual Bandits with Forward-KL Regularization under Single-Policy Concentrability Higher-Order Equilibrium Tracking for EM-Compressible Online Estimation Scaling Limits of Long-Context Transformers A Note on Non-Negative $L_1$-Approximating Polynomials Susceptibilities and Patterning: A Primer on Linear Response in Bayesian Learning Linear Response Estimators for Singular Statistical Models Statistical inference with belief functions: A survey Robust stochastic first order methods in heavy-tailed noise via medoid mini-batch gradient sampling Every Feedforward Neural Network Definable in an o-Minimal Structure Has Finite Sample Complexity Adaptive auditing of AI systems with anytime-valid guarantees Locally Near Optimal Piecewise Linear Regression in High Dimensions via Difference of Max-Affine Functions Risk-Controlled Post-Processing of Decision Policies Covariate Balancing and Riesz Regression Should Be Guided by the Neyman Orthogonal Score in Debiased Machine Learning A Unified Pair-GRPO Family: From Implicit to Explicit Preference Constraints for Stable and General RL Alignment Time-Inhomogeneous Preconditioned Langevin Dynamics A Fine-Grained Understanding of Uniform Convergence for Halfspaces CITE: Anytime-Valid Statistical Inference in LLM Self-Consistency Ratio-based Loss Functions Optimal Confidence Band for Kernel Gradient Flow Estimator A renormalization-group inspired lattice-based framework for piecewise generalized linear models
Semi-tail Units: A Universal Scale for Test Statistics an...
Paul W. Vos · 2025-06-28 · via math.ST updates on arXiv.org

We introduce $ζ$- and $s$-values as quantile-based standardizations that are particularly suited for hypothesis testing. Unlike p-values, which express tail probabilities, $s$-values measure the number of semi-tail units into a distribution's tail, where each unit represents a halving of the tail area. This logarithmic scale provides intuitive interpretation: $s=3.3$ corresponds to the 10th percentile, $s=4.3$ to the 5th percentile, and $s=5.3$ to the 2.5th percentile. For two-tailed tests, $ζ$-values extend this concept symmetrically around the median. We demonstrate how these measures unify the interpretation of all test statistics on a common scale, eliminating the need for distribution-specific tables. The approach offers practical advantages: critical values follow simple arithmetic progressions, combining evidence from independent studies reduces to the addition of $s$-values, and semi-tail units provide the natural scale for expressing Bahadur slopes. This leads to a new asymptotic efficiency measure based on differences rather than ratios of slopes, where a difference of 0.15 semi-tail units means that the more efficient test moves samples 10\% farther into the tail. Through examples ranging from standardized test scores to poker hand rankings, we show how semi-tail units provide a natural and interpretable scale for quantifying extremeness in any ordered distribution.