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What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Learning Perturbations to Extrapolate Your LLM Byzantine-Robust Distributed Sparse Learning Revisited The Sample Complexity of Multiple Change Point Identification under Bandit Feedback A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling Model-based Bootstrap of Controlled Markov Chains Approximation of Maximally Monotone Operators : A Graph Convergence Perspective Posterior Contraction Rates for Sparse Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks in Anisotropic Besov Spaces MIST: Reliable Streaming Decision Trees for Online Class-Incremental Learning via McDiarmid Bound A Spectral Framework for Closed-Form Relative Density Estimation Fast Rates for Offline Contextual Bandits with Forward-KL Regularization under Single-Policy Concentrability Higher-Order Equilibrium Tracking for EM-Compressible Online Estimation Scaling Limits of Long-Context Transformers A Note on Non-Negative $L_1$-Approximating Polynomials Susceptibilities and Patterning: A Primer on Linear Response in Bayesian Learning Linear Response Estimators for Singular Statistical Models Statistical inference with belief functions: A survey Robust stochastic first order methods in heavy-tailed noise via medoid mini-batch gradient sampling Every Feedforward Neural Network Definable in an o-Minimal Structure Has Finite Sample Complexity Adaptive auditing of AI systems with anytime-valid guarantees Locally Near Optimal Piecewise Linear Regression in High Dimensions via Difference of Max-Affine Functions Risk-Controlled Post-Processing of Decision Policies Covariate Balancing and Riesz Regression Should Be Guided by the Neyman Orthogonal Score in Debiased Machine Learning A Unified Pair-GRPO Family: From Implicit to Explicit Preference Constraints for Stable and General RL Alignment Time-Inhomogeneous Preconditioned Langevin Dynamics A Fine-Grained Understanding of Uniform Convergence for Halfspaces CITE: Anytime-Valid Statistical Inference in LLM Self-Consistency Ratio-based Loss Functions Optimal Confidence Band for Kernel Gradient Flow Estimator A renormalization-group inspired lattice-based framework for piecewise generalized linear models
When Does Dynamic Preconditioning Preserve the Polyak-Rup...
Sunyoung An, Xiaoming Huo · 2026-04-26 · via math.ST updates on arXiv.org

Polyak-Ruppert averaging yields an asymptotically normal estimator with sandwich covariance $H^{-1}SH^{-1}$, the foundation of online inference. When the gradient step is preconditioned by a data-driven matrix $P_t$, we ask how fast $P_t$ must stabilize for the central limit theorem (CLT) to remain valid. We resolve this via an exact preconditioner-isolating decomposition of the averaged error that confines $P_t$ to a dynamic remainder $R_n$, leaving the martingale and Taylor terms preconditioner-free. Let $M_t = (P_t H)^{-1}$ denote the effective inverse drift matrix, with $\|M_t - M_{t-1}\|_{\mathrm{op}} \lesssim t^{-β}$ and step-size exponent $α\in (1/2, 1)$. We identify a stabilization-rate threshold $β> (α+1)/2$ and prove that, within the class of polynomial rate hypotheses used in our upper bound, it cannot be weakened: the dynamic remainder $\sqrt{n}\,R_n$ vanishes in $L^2$ whenever $β> (α+1)/2$, and we exhibit sequences satisfying those hypotheses for which it does not vanish when $β\le (α+1)/2$. A single stabilization argument certifies three SA variants - SA-AdaGrad, SA-RMSProp, and SA-ONS - with gain $ρ_t = c/t$, each delivering one-step $L^2(\mathrm{op})$ stabilization of order $t^{-1}$, yielding the CLT $\sqrt{n}(\bar{x}_n - x^*) \to N(0, H^{-1}SH^{-1})$; under bounded inputs the pathwise rate $β= 1$ further preserves the $n^{-1/6}$ Wasserstein rate at $α^* = 2/3$. Under standard regularity conditions, Wald-type online inference remains valid for dynamically preconditioned averaged SGD whose stabilization rate exceeds the threshold.