We consider two-dimensional determinantal processes which are rotation-invariant and study the fluctuations of the number of points in disks. Based on the theory of mod-phi convergence, we obtain Berry-Esseen as well as precise moderate to large deviation estimates for these statistics. These results are consistent with the Coulomb gas heuristic from the physics literature. We also obtain functional limit theorems for the stochastic process $(\# D_r)_{r>0}$ when the radius $r$ of the disk $D_r$ is growing in different regimes. We present several applications to invariant determinantal process, including the polyanalytic Ginibre ensembles, Gaussian analytic function and other hyperbolic models. As a corollary, we compute the precise asymptotics for the entanglement entropy of (integer) Laughlin states for all Landau levels.