We establish a central limit theorem, a local limit theorem, and a law of large numbers for a natural random walk on a symmetric space $M$ of non-compact type and rank one. This class of spaces, which includes the complex and quaternionic hyperbolic spaces and the Cayley hyperbolic plane, generalizes the real hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^{n}$. Our approach introduces a unified algebraic framework that generalizes the Möbius addition, previously used for the constant curvature case, to define the random walk via a non-Euclidean summation of variables. We demonstrate that the renormalized walk converges to the heat kernel associated with the Laplace-Beltrami operator on $M$, which plays the role of the limiting normal law. The proofs leverage the harmonic analysis of spherical functions on symmetric spaces. To the best of our knowledge, these results are new in the context of rank one symmetric spaces.