The beta polytope $P_{n,d}^β$ is the convex hull of $n$ i.i.d. random points distributed in the unit ball of $\mathbb{R}^d$ according to a density proportional to $(1-\lVert{x}\rVert^2)^β$ if $β>-1$ (in particular, $β=0$ corresponds to the uniform distribution in the ball), or uniformly on the unit sphere if $β=-1$. We show that the expected normalized volumes of high-dimensional beta polytopes exhibit a phase transition and we describe its shape. We derive analogous results for the intrinsic volumes of beta polytopes and, when $β=0$, their number of vertices.