Let $ H:=-\tfrac12Δ+V$ be a one-dimensional continuum Schrödinger operator. Consider ${\hat H}:= H+ξ$, where $ξ$ is a translation invariant Gaussian noise. Under some assumptions on $ξ$, we prove that if $V$ is locally integrable, bounded below, and grows faster than $\log$ at infinity, then the semigroup $\mathrm e^{-t {\hat H}}$ is trace class and admits a probabilistic representation via a Feynman-Kac formula. Our result applies to operators acting on the whole line $\mathbb R$, the half line $(0,\infty)$, or a bounded interval $(0,b)$, with a variety of boundary conditions. Our method of proof consists of a comprehensive generalization of techniques recently developed in the random matrix theory literature to tackle this problem in the special case where ${\hat H}$ is the stochastic Airy operator.