In this paper, we initiate the study of backward doubly stochastic differential equations (BDSDEs, for short) with quadratic growth. The existence, comparison, and stability results for one-dimensional BDSDEs are proved when the generator $f(t,Y,Z)$ grows in $Z$ quadratically and the terminal value is bounded, by introducing some new ideas. Moreover, in this framework, we use BDSDEs to give a probabilistic representation for the solutions of semilinear stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs, for short) in Sobolev spaces, and use it to prove the existence and uniqueness of such SPDEs, thus extending the nonlinear Feynman-Kac formula.