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Percolation on preferential attachment models
Rajat Subhra Hazra, Remco van der Hofstad, Rounak Ray · 2023-12-22 · via math.PR updates on arXiv.org

We study the percolation phase transition on preferential attachment models, in which vertices enter with $m$ edges and attach proportionally to their degree plus $δ$. We identify the critical percolation threshold as $$π_c=\fracδ{2\big(m(m+δ)+\sqrt{m(m-1)(m+δ)(m+1+δ)}\big)}$$ for $δ$ positive and $π_c=0$ for non-positive values of $δ$. Therefore the giant component is robust for $δ\in(-m,0]$, while it is not for $δ>0$. Our proof for the critical percolation threshold consists of three main steps. First, we show that preferential attachment graphs are large-set expanders, enabling us to verify the conditions outlined by Alimohammadi, Borgs, and Saberi (2023). Within their conditions, the proportion of vertices in the largest connected component in a sequence converges to the survival probability of percolation on the local limit. In particular, the critical percolation threshold for both the graph and its local limit are identical. Second, we identify $1/π_c$ as the spectral radius of the mean offspring operator of the Pólya point tree, the local limit of preferential attachment models. Lastly, we prove that the critical percolation threshold for the Pólya point tree is the inverse of the spectral radius of the mean offspring operator. For positive $δ$, we use sub-martingales to prove sub-criticality and apply spine decomposition theory to demonstrate super-criticality, completing the third step of the proof. For $δ\leq 0$ and any $π>0$ instead, we prove that the percolated Pólya point tree dominates a supercritical branching process, proving that the critical percolation threshold equals $0$.