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Complement Submodular Information Measures for Balanced and Robust Data Selection A Proof of a Conjecture on Positive and Negative Square Energies of Unicyclic Graphs Laplacian Spectrum of the Weakly Zero-Divisor Graph of a Finite Commutative Ring An identity for second Eulerian numbers via lattice-point counting $t$-tone edge coloring of graphs Constructing Maximal Bumpless Pipedreams for Double Grothendieck Polynomials Mubayi's Polynomial-Ideal Conjecture and Cover-Ideal Turán Methods Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization The limits of Schur multipliers in Pólya conversion problems for the $q$-permanent function Universality theorems for generalized splines Framing Triangulations for Arbitrary Integer Flow Polytopes On the Common Generalization of Gentle Algebras and Framed Directed Acyclic Graphs The complexity of frugal digraph homomorphisms Chaotic and periodic behavior of jeu de taquin on infinite Young tableaux Enumerating Pattern Avoiding Parking Functions Incidence toric ideals and three-point functions Unique Winning Opening Move in Three-Row Chomp Strong majority colorings of graphs A Balancing Theorem for Spanning Trees of Rectangular Grid Graphs Spectral radius and edge-disjoint connected factors of graphs New invariants for rank metric codes, with applications to the classification of rank two semifields of order 256 Flexible DP-4-coloring of planar graphs without 4-cycles and intersecting triangles Balanced intersection size distributions in projective planes List Reconstruction Problem with List Size Two Is Dimensionality a Barrier for Retrieval Models? The INIEP: Irreducible and Positive Realizations The number of Pfaffian orientations on punctured polygonally cellulated surfaces Explicit Construction of Polytopes whose Ehrhart Polynomials Realize any Given Sign Pattern Finite-state enumeration of adjacency-constrained 132-avoiding permutations AMDS and quantum AMDS Constacyclic codes of length $4p^ς$ over $\mathbb{F}_{{p}^{m}}$
The Existence and Structure of Universal Partial Cycles
Dylan Fillmore, Bennet Goeckner, Rachel Kirsch, Kirin Martin, Da · 2023-10-20 · via math.CO updates on arXiv.org

A universal partial cycle (or upcycle) for $\mathcal{A}^n$ is a cyclic sequence that covers each word of length $n$ over the alphabet $\mathcal{A}$ exactly once -- like a De Bruijn cycle, except that we also allow a wildcard symbol $\mathord{\diamond}$ that can represent any letter of $\mathcal{A}$. Chen et al. in 2017 and Goeckner et al. in 2018 showed that the existence and structure of upcycles are highly constrained, unlike those of De Bruijn cycles, which exist for every alphabet size and word length. Moreover, it was not known whether any upcycles existed for $n \ge 5$. We present several examples of upcycles over both binary and non-binary alphabets for $n = 8$. We generalize two graph-theoretic representations of De Bruijn cycles to upcycles. We then introduce novel approaches to constructing new upcycles from old ones. Notably, given any upcycle for an alphabet of size $a$, we show how to construct an upcycle for an alphabet of size $ak$ for any $k \in \mathbb{N}$, so each example generates an infinite family of upcycles. We also define folds and lifts of upcycles, which relate upcycles with differing densities of $\mathord{\diamond}$ characters. In particular, we show that every upcycle lifts to a De Bruijn cycle. Our constructions rely on a different generalization of De Bruijn cycles known as perfect necklaces, and we introduce several new examples of perfect necklaces. We extend the definitions of certain pseudorandomness properties to partial words and determine which are satisfied by all upcycles, then draw a conclusion about linear feedback shift registers. Finally, we prove new nonexistence results based on the word length $n$, alphabet size, and $\mathord{\diamond}$ density.