Given a graph $G$, an injective edge-coloring of $G$ is a function $ψ:E(G) \rightarrow \mathbb N$ such that if $ψ(e) = ψ(e')$, then no third edge joins an endpoint of $e$ and an endpoint of $e'$. The injective chromatic index of a graph $G$, written $χ_{inj}'(G)$, is the minimum number of colors needed for an injective edge coloring of $G$. In this paper, we investigate the injective chromatic index of certain classes of degenerate graphs. First, we show that if $G$ is a $d$-degenerate graph of maximum degree $Δ$, then $χ_{inj}'(G) = O(d^3 \log Δ)$. Next, we show that if $G$ is a graph of Euler genus $g$, then $χ_{inj}'(G) \leq (3+o(1))g$, which is tight when $G$ is a clique. Finally, we show that the oriented chromatic number of a graph is at most exponential in its injective chromatic index. Using this fact, we prove that the oriented chromatic number of a graph embedded on a surface of Euler genus $g$ has oriented chromatic number at most $O(g^{6400})$, improving the previously known upper bound of $2^{O(g^{\frac{1}{2} + ε})}$ and resolving a conjecture of Aravind and Subramanian.