In this paper, we introduce new general frameworks for estimating the maximal dimension of Hilbert cubes contained in finite truncations of arbitrary sets. As applications, we investigate Hilbert cubes in a range of arithmetic sets, including perfect powers, powerful numbers, primes, smooth numbers, and squarefree numbers. Along the way, we substantially sharpen several earlier results of Dietmann-Elshotlz, Erdős-Sárközy-Stewart, Hajdu, and Sárközy, and we obtain bounds that are sharp up to the implied constant in several cases. Additionally, we prove conditional results of independent interest, including an almost sharp uniform upper bound on the number of $k$-th powers in an arithmetic progression for each $k\geq 4$, assuming the ABC conjecture.