The study of longest increasing subsequences (LIS) in permutations led to that of Young diagrams via Robinson-Schensted's (RS) correspondence. In a celebrated paper, Vershik and Kerov obtained a limit theorem for such diagrams and found that the LIS of a uniform permutation of size n behaves as $2\sqrt{n}$. Independently and much later, Hoppen et al. introduced the theory of permutons as a scaling limit of permutations. In this paper, we extend in some sense the RS correspondence of permutations to the space of permutons. When the "RS-tableaux" of a permuton are non-trivial, we show that the RS-tableaux of random permutations sampled from this permuton exhibit a linear behavior, in the sense that their first rows and columns have lengths of linear order. In particular, the LIS of such permutations behaves as a multiple of n. We also prove some large deviation results for these convergences. Finally, by studying asymptotic properties of Fomin's algorithm for permutations, we show that the RS-tableaux of a permuton satisfy a partial differential equation.