The Littlewood decomposition for partitions is a well-known bijection between partitions and pairs of $t$-core and $t$-quotient partitions. This decomposition can be described in several ways, such as the $t$-abacus method of James or the biinfinite word method of Garvan, Kim, and Stanton. In a recent study, Frobenius partitions have proven to be a highly useful tool in dealing with partition statistics related to $t$-core partitions. Motivated by this study, in this paper, we present an alternative description of the Littlewood decomposition using Frobenius partitions. We also apply our approach to self-conjugate partitions and doubled distinct partitions, and give new characterizations of their $t$-cores and $t$-quotients.