$q$-Supercongruences modulo the fifth and sixth powers of a cyclotomic polynomial are very rare in the literature. In this paper, we establish some $q$-supercongruences modulo the fifth and sixth powers of a cyclotomic polynomial in terms of Jackson's $_8φ_7$ summation, Watson's $_8φ_7$ transformation, the creative microscoping method recently introduced by Guo and Zudilin, and the Chinese remainder theorem for coprime polynomials. More concretely, we give a $q$-analogue of a nice formula due to Long and Ramakrishna [Adv. Math. 290 (2016), 773--808] and two $q$-supercongruences involving double series.